Which of the following is not a potential reason for why IPOs may be intentionally underpriced?

	a.	Underpricing may serve as compensation to investors for taking large risk.
	b.	Underwriters may intentionally underprice IPOs to satisfy securities laws that limit the amount that they can charge investors for the shares in an IPO.
	c.	Underwriters may intentionally underprice IPOs to reduce the risk of being sued by investors.
	d.	Underwriters may intentionally underprice IPOs to reduce their marketing costs.
	e.	Both b and d
	f.	None of the above