Which of the following situations is not a valid exception to the principle of privity?

a.Agent creates a contract for Principal and Customer. Customer believes Agent acted fraudulently and wants to sue both Agent and Principal.

b.Landlord sells the property to Owner but Tenant has a valid lease from Landlord. Tenant wants to sue Owner to stay.

c.Abe hires Barb to mow Carl's lawn. Barb does not and Carl wants to sue Barb.

d.Earl has a life insurance policy and dies. Acme Insurance refuses to pay. Bob the beneficiary wants to sue.

e.Settlor creates a trust to benefit Son. Son thinks Trustee is misusing funds and wants to sue.