Which of the following statements is true for both contributory negligence and assumption of the risk?

Select one:

a$.$ They are defenses adopted to ease the harshness of the comparative negligence system.

b$.$ They are recent defenses to recklessness but not negligence.

c$.$ They are based on the idea that everyone has a duty to exercise reasonable care for his or her own safety.

d$.$ They are based on the idea that the plaintiff may recover if the defendant had the last opportunity to avoid harm.