without a license, and continued its operations. Who benefits, and who is hurt, by this attitude toward rules and regulations?

$4.$ In many cities and states, taxicab companies are highly regulated. New York, for example, requires vehicles to meet certain specifications. Cab fares are set by law. Drivers go through criminal background checks, must pass English proficiency tests, and must prove their knowledge of the city's streets. Passengers can rely on the "gold medallion" to identify drivers and cabs that have met these qualifications. Medallions are required and expensive$-$costing close to $$500,000-$so most cabs are owned by investment companies who lease them to the drivers. Considering the various stakeholders $-$ the government, the cab owners, the drivers and the customers $-$ is New York's taxicab system fair?

$5.$ In $2016,$ twenty$-$four of Philadelphia's $3,370$ cabbies were women, while some $35$ percent of Uber$/$Lyft drivers are women. Overall, Uber claims some $19$ percent of its drivers are women. Why do you think women are more likely to be participating as drivers in the gig economy?