write an accounting essay 300-400 words as the file required and also part 2 and part 3.

Part 1: Prepare an essay 300-400words addressing the conceptual questions for Recording Capital Leases, referencing your work in part 2 to support your discussion. Essay form, grammar and diction will we considered along with the content. Reference the codification standard (ASC). Part 2: Prepare the First two (2) years of the Lessee Amortization Schedule and the Journal Entries (JE's) for item (a) & (b) using the data given and calculated details. Reference details of the amortization calculations in your JE's, as needed. Please post the JE's to a Journal in good form with the schedule supporting the calculations. You can paste the calculations from Excel as picture(s) into your word doc, or key it into your word doc. Excel doc's make printing problems. Part 3: Read the article \"Companies Getting Ready for FASB's Leasing Standard\" by M. Cohn (Accounting Today, 2/16/2016) and prepare a brief essay in good form (200-300words) as a commentary. Focus some attention on the Capital Lease comments about the impact on analysts and investors as well as the impact on companies embracing the new standards; what were Notes and Disclosures will become Balance Sheet items. In addition, address the perceived ease of transition suggested by some statements in light of the caveats about embedded leases. Think outside the proverbial \"accountant's\" box and consider the market place for U.S. Financial Statements. Perhaps you want to recognize the apparent attempt to downplay the significance of the change potential. Part 1: Recording Capital Leasesthe concept On January 1, 2014, Hill Corporation entered into a non-cancelable lease for an aircraft to be used in operations. The lease transfers ownership of the aircraft to Hill at the end of the lease term for a bargain price. Consequently, the criteria established for the classification as a capital lease by the lessee were met. The term of the lease is 10 years. The equal minimum lease payments are due at the beginning of each year starting on January 1, 2014. Questions to address in the Part 1 essay Suggestion: Build your amortization schedule for Part B to discuss these questions. a. What is the theoretical justification for requiring certain long-term leases to be capitalized by the lessee? b. How should Hill account for this lease at its inception and how is the amount to be recorded determined? What factors drove the decision for the type of lease is this? c. What expenses related to this lease will Hill incur during the first year of the lease, and how will they be determined? d. How should Hill report this lease on its December 31, 2014, balance sheet? Part 2: Determining Lease Capitalization Amounts Background for Lease Program Hill Corporation, a diversified manufacturing company, has offices and operating locations in major cities throughout the United States. The corporate headquarters for Hill Corporation is located in Chicago, Illinois, and employees connected with various phases of company operations travel extensively. Corporate management is currently evaluating the feasibility of acquiring a business aircraft that can be used by company executives to expedite business travel to areas not adequately served by commercial airlines. Proposals for either leasing or purchasing a suitable aircraft have been analyzed, and the leasing proposal was determined to be desirable. The proposed lease agreement involves a fully equipped Cessna CJ4 business jet that has a fair value of $10,000,000. This plane would be leased for a period of 10 years beginning January 1, 2014. The lease agreement is cancelable only upon accidental destruction of the plane. An annual lease payment of $1,417,800 is due on January 1 of each year; the first payment is to be made on January 1, 2014. Maintenance operations are scheduled by the lessor, and Hill Corporation will pay for these services as they are performed. Estimated annual maintenance costs are $69,000. The lessor will pay all insurance premiums and local property taxes, which amount to a combined total of $40, 000 annually and are included in the annual lease payment of $1,417,800. Upon expiration of the 10-year lease, Hill Corporation can purchase the CJ4 for $444,400. The estimated useful life of the plane to Hill is 10 years, and its salvage value in the used plane market is estimated to be $750,000. If the purchase option is not exercised, possession of the plane will revert to the lessor, and there is no provision for renewing the lease agreement beyond its termination on December 31, 2023. Hill Corporation can borrow $10,000,000 under a 10-year term loan agreement at an annual interest rate of 12%. The lessor's implicit interest rate is not expressly stated in the lease agreement, but this rate appears to be approximately 8% based on 10 annual net rental payments and the initial fair value of $10,000,000 for the plane. On January 1, 2014, the present value of all net rental payments and the purchase option of $444,440 is $8,888,900 using the 12% interest rate. The present value of all net rental payments and the $444,440 purchase option on January 1, 2014, is $10,222,260 using the 8% interest rate implicit in the lease agreement. The controller of Hill Corporation has established that this lease agreement is a capital lease as defined in GAAP. Part 2 Required: Prepare the Amortization Schedule (only 1st 2 years) and 2 JE's. Reference the calculations needed. a. What is the appropriate amount that Hill Corporation should recognize for the leased aircraft on its balance sheet after the lease is signed? Post the JE('s) for the initial recording Jan 1, 2014. b. Assume the annual lease payment is $1,417,800, that the appropriate capitalized amount for the leased aircraft is $10,000,000 on January 1, 2014, the interest rate is 9% and that the lease term is 10 years. How will the lease be reported on Hill's December 31, 2014, balance sheet and related income statement? (Ignore any income tax implications.) Post the JE('s) for the Dec 31 payment and expenses recorded. Support the entry with the first 2 years of the amortization schedule. Part 3 Required: Read the article \"Companies Getting Ready for FASB's Leasing Standard\" by M. Cohn (Accounting Today, 2/16/2016) and prepare a brief essay in good form (less than 1 page) as a commentary. Follow Guidelines in the heading section. LEASE ACCOUNTING RELEASE IN 2016 Retrieved from www.accountingtoday.com Companies Getting Ready for FASB's Leasing Standard By Michael Cohn FEBRUARY 16, 2016 Italics added by Jef Garner for Instructional Highlights. The Financial Accounting Standards Board is expected to release its long-awaited lease accounting standard this quarter, and companies are bracing for the impact on their balance sheets. The changes will require companies to gather significantly more information and require more management judgments each reporting period, according to PricewaterhouseCoopers. The changing model might affect financial ratios and metrics, \"lease vs. buy\" decisions, accounting processes and controls, along with technology. \"With that effort there comes a bit of compliance around ensuring that you have the full population of your leases and all the data that you'll need to do the ultimate accounting, coupled with the fact that this information may not be centrally housed in one location,\" said Sheri Wyatt, managing director of PwC's Capital Markets Accounting Advisory Services. Sheri Wyatt While many people believe the new standard simply means putting operating leases on the balance sheet, Wyatt sees the effort going deeper. \"The view is that for U.S. GAAP issuers it's going to be largely a balance sheet exercise, because from the P&L or income statement perspective the accounting treatment will be virtually the same,\" she said. \"But with the prominence of these leases coming on the balance sheet, then that starts to put a bit more focus on companies' processes and controls as well as the data.\" For those companies with mostly finance leases, there won't be as much of an impact because those leases are already on the balance sheet. According to FASB, finance leases will be accounted for in substantially the same way as capital leases are under current GAAP. The new standard will mainly affect companies where the leases have been kept off the balance sheet until now. It should not have much of an impact on corporate profits, though, or greatly surprise many investors and financial analysts. \"From a P&L perspective, if something still meets the characteristics of an operating lease, then you're still going to have the same P&L recognition pattern that you have under current GAAP, so we're not expecting to see as much volatility or change in the income statements,\" said Wyatt. \"With respect to the additional leverage, all companies will be in the same position, so I don't know that this is necessarily going to take too many investors by surprise, particularly because companies are required to disclose under current GAAP what their lease commitments are. Analysts already do some analytics around that and apply a multiple to come up to what the potential balance sheet impact would be. Unless there's a situation where the company may, through their investigation process, find more leases than they originally had disclosed, I don't know that there will be too much surprise for investors.\" However, analysts are going to learn more about the lease terms. \"Some of the information that the analysts didn't have were the assumptions around the lease term and assumptions around the discount rate, and that can obviously have an impact on what companies are putting on their balance sheet compared to what analysts may have been expecting,\" said Wyatt. \"It remains to be seen whether there are going to be large variances between them.\" Companies will also need to provide more disclosure about embedded leases now. \"This is a change in GAAP where the definition of what contains a lease may be different from what it was before,\" said Wyatt. \"For example, a company may have a service arrangement that contains an embedded lease under current GAAP, but because that accounting treatment was an operating lease it may or may not have been disclosed in their disclosures. Now under the new standard, where it is changing the definition of a lease embedded in a contract, you could find a situation where there may be more leases, although we are currently speculating there may be less embedded leases under the new standard, as opposed to today. It may be kind of a push and pull, where companies might have previously not disclosed as many leases, but at the same time they may have a reduction in leases because of the new standard on embedded leases.\" Trade groups like the Equipment Leasing and Finance Association have been sounding warnings about the impact of the new standard on equipment-leasing companies. \"The concern that I've heard has been the potential risk for lessees switching from leasing to buying, as well as potential additional information needs that companies may request from lessors in order to do their accounting, in particular where a contract may contain both a lease and a non-lease element and wanting to get the right information to be able to do the allocation between those two elements,\" said Wyatt. Lessees may elect to work with their lessors to modify the terms of their leases to lower the impact on their financial statements. \"Companies may start to look a bit more closely at their lease vs. buy decisions as well as their procurement process just to ensure that they are making the right decisions around whether it's more economical for them to lease vs. buy, since at least from a balance sheet perspective you'll get to a similar leverage as you would from buying it,\" said Wyatt. There are also differences between the upcoming FASB standard and the version released last month by the International Accounting Standards Board for companies using International Financial Reporting Standards (see IASB Releases Lease Accounting Standard). Those might have some impact on multinational companies. \"The differences are isolated into two areas, one in terms of scoping under U.S. GAAP will have a scope exception, or what we could exclude from measurement will be shortterm leases, whereas under IFRS they have a concept of small-ticket leases as well as short-term leases,\" Wyatt explained. \"There could be some differences there, as companies start thinking about their policies and deploying it across their organization will need to keep in mind. The biggest difference for multinationals is going to be the fact that U.S. GAAP will have a dual model, where you'll have a finance representation, the P&L, as well as an operating presentation, whereas under IFRS everything is going to be a financing. That does create some challenges, particularly from a systems perspective, in ensuring that whatever system that a company chooses to use, that it can handle multiGAAP.\" Companies will need to start preparing for implementing the new standard over the next few years and some will need to produce comparative financial statements as they make the transition. \"The effective date of the standard is 2019, so it is at least three years out, but for public companies that have comparatives you're looking at 2017, 2018 and 2019,\" said Wyatt. \"FASB in some of their discussions has stated that because of some of the simplifications that they've done with the models since they first started the project that they don't expect implementation to be too challenging.\" She believes companies will need to spend time accumulating the data and perhaps consider implementing a new system to handle both the new leasing and revenue recognition standards. \"The implementation process will take some time, but companies are also still in the midst of implementing the revenue recognition standard,\" said Wyatt. \"There will be a prioritization given that revenue becomes effective at least a year earlier than leasing.\" Wyatt believes a staggered implementation probably makes sense for many companies, but she noted that under both U.S. GAAP and IFRS, FASB and the IASB have allowed companies to adopt the standards early. \"At least under U.S. GAAP, it's as early as when it's issued,\" she said. \"Under IFRS it's no earlier than when you adopt the revenue recognition standard. That gives companies some flexibility and is a bit of a difference from the FASB's typical protocol. They've generally not allowed early adoption of standards, but I think they want to give companies that flexibility to say if it's more economical for you to adopt those at the same time you have the ability to do so.\" Companies may decide to change their procurement processes when entering into leases under the new standard. \"I don't think companies are necessarily required to look at their procurement process, but it gives them an opportunity to look at their process,\" said Wyatt. \"They may not have focused on it as much because perhaps the procurement and the decisions were largely around getting to operating lease treatment as opposed to getting the best deal for the organization. If a company is thinking about potentially modifying their procurement process or looking for ways to identify potential synergies that they can get from leasing equipment from a consolidated group of vendors as opposed to a more dispersed group of vendors, they can get some economies of scale from that. You can get some of those cost savings from consolidating vendors, thinking about the end-of-term decisions and whether you are making the right decisions when you get to the end of the lease, as well as lease vs. buy decisions, and getting a more robust process around that. The cost savings could mitigate some of the costs of compliance associated with implementing the standard.\" Companies can reduce the potential compliance costs with the help of technology. \"Companies when they think about the compliance costs may start to get a bit overwhelmed thinking about how they don't currently have a system or repository for their leases today, and so now they're going to have to allocate resources in order to ensure that the data they have is accurate and complete, or go through the process of abstracting some of the key pieces of information,\" said Wyatt. \"I think that gives companies an opportunity to explore technology solutions. We've been working with our clients around various uses of technology to help with that abstraction and extraction process so that companies can look to perhaps reduce the cost of compliance by leveraging technology.\" LEASES 1) a) Most long term lease are capitalized so that the lessee can take proper care of the asset during the lease period and its also an easy way to dispose the asset because the lessee has used the asset for a better part of its life time and it has lost value. b) At inception, only the lease rentals are recorded but excludes costs of service and tax. The type of lease is chosen because the lessee only assumes some of the risks of ownership, the lessee uses the asset during the lease period, and the lessee has a chance to use the asset and understand it well therefore choose if to purchase it at the end of the lease period. Finally, there is the bargaining purchase option so that the lessee can acquire the asset at a price lower than the market price or at times may get the asset freely. c) The expenses are the lease rentals, interest payable, cost of service and tax. Cost of service and tax maybe reimbursed depending on the agreement between the two parties. They are determined using the interest rate given by the lessor or agreed upon by both parties. d) At the end of year one, the lease will be reported less the years rentals, depreciation, interest, costs of service and tax. Its recorded both as an asset and a liability. 2) a Annual pay 1417800 Maintainance 69000 Insurance premium (40000) 1446800 Journal entries RENT ACCOUNT 1/1/14 Cash 1417800 1/1/14 CASH ACCOUNT 1/1/14 Insurance premium 40000 Bal c/d 1417800 Bal b/d 1446800 1/1/14 1/1/14 Rent 1417800 Maintenance 69000 INSURANCE PREMIUM ACCOUNT 1/1/14 Cash 40000 1/1/14 Bal c/d 40000 MAINTAINANCE ACCOUNT 1/1/14 Cash 69000 1/1/14 Bal c/d 69000 Then company will record 1446800 in the balance sheet. b) The company is paying interest Using PVAF tables,PVAF9%10 YEARS is 6.4177, PMT =10,000,000 6.4177 =1,626,625. The interest is 1626625-1417800 =208,825 INTEREST ACCOUNT 31/12/14 Interest payable 208825 31/12/14 Bal c/d 208825 INTREST PAYABLE ACCOUNT 31/12/14 Bal c/d 208825 31/12/14 Interest 208825 3) The new standard will affect companies where leases are not recorder on balance sheet. Profits won't be affected and therefore investors are not losing. Capital lease is a lease agreement where the lessor transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee at the end of the lease period. This will negatively affect the lessor if they can't get finance to pay for the same, production done by the asset will be frustrated. The government should make funds available at affordable interest rates and give incentives to enable such acquisitions. A lease is embedded in a contract if a specific asset is identified and the control of the identified asset is transferred to the lessee, if the lessor has one asset it does not have to be identified its assumed to be an asset in the lease. Control implies that the lessee can decide on who, where and how the asset is used and enjoy benefits from the usage. Companies are involved in many contracts which have embedded leases previously not recorded and if they have to gather all relevant data and record, they will opt to buy so as to reduce paperwork and the hustle of getting such data. There are differences between the upcoming FASB standard and the version released by the International Accounting Standards Board for companies using International Financial Reporting Standards . Those might have some impact on multinational companies and the companies should therefore be allowed sufficient time to adopt to the multi-GAAP system and use it. The effective date is 2019, all companies that will be affected should start preparing now by getting the resources , and giving appropriate training to make sure that the employees understand, own and accept the change. This employees will be committed to implement the change by 2019