X Company is considering replacing one of its machines in order to save operating costs. Operating costs with the current machine are $67,000 per year; operating costs with the new machine are expected to be $35,000 per year. The new machine will cost $48,000 and will last for six years, at which time it can be sold for $1,000. The current machine will also last for six more years but will not be worth anything at that time. It cost $31,000 three years ago but is currently worth only $4,000. Assuming a discount rate of 8%, what is the incremental net present value of buying the new machine instead of keeping the current machine? 1