you are to provide citations $($ASC$)$ from the Codification that support your conclusions. Please explain your answers.

$1.$ What guidance does the Codification provide concerning the disclosure of research and development $($R&D$)$ costs?

$2.$ Under what conditions must an employer accrue a liability for employees$$ compensation for future absences$?$

$3.$ If a company's outstanding shares are increased through a stock dividend or a stock split, how would that alter the presentation of its EPS data?

$4.$ Briefly explain the conditions when a contract modification shall be accounted for as a separate performance obligation.

$5.$ How should cash flows from purchases, sales, and maturities of available$-$for$-$sale debt securities be classified and reported in the statement of cash flows?