You should write an essay on the following topic.

Underachievement in education is a significant global concern. Explore one of the reasons for this. In addition, what are two possible effects of underachievement in education?

Planning and Annotating

Underachievement in education is a significant global cocern. Explore one of the reasons for this. In addition, what are two possible effects of underachievement in education?

(Introduction)

(Body 1: The reason is low quality education in rural areas)

(Body 2: The effect isincreasedpoverty in later life)

(Body 3: The effect is long term health problems)

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(Conclusion)

Supporting Extracts:

Body 1 Reason for underachievement in education: low quality education in rural areas

Extract 1

Authors: Du Plessis and Mestry Year: 2019

Poverty and unemployment that result in the problems mentioned above, directly influence the roles of teachers and the quality of education available to learners in these circumstances. In most instances, teachers in rural schools are subjected to multi-grade teaching where they are required to teach different subjects and different grades in one class. Undoubtedly, this has serious repercussions for teachers in terms of planning lessons for each day and each period, balancing their time to teach different grades, conducting assessment tasks for learners, and maintaining discipline. Teachers usually resort to teaching abridged curricula and rarely adapt the curriculum, use contextual examples, or link the curriculum to local needs (Aziz, 2011; Eppley, 2009; Taylor & Mulhall, 2001)...Teachers are required to provide quality education to rural learners so that they develop into informed participants in their communities and engage in the development thereof. However, learner achievement in rural schools has become incredibly poor and varied, depending on the rural school attended.

Extract 2

Authors: Zhang Year: 2017

The rapid economic growth in China has never successfully eradicated its urban-ruraldisparity (Knight, 2013,Wang et al., 2010). On the contrary, this disparity has actually grown over the decades. Political preferences for urban development and inadequate investment in rural education have caused a rapidly increasing urban-rural gap in children's educational attainment, school quality and returns to education (Connelly and Zheng, 2007,Hannum, 1999,Wang, 2011). According to Chinese official statistics, primary school enrollment in basic education starts out high in both urban and rural areas, but due to the gap in the quality of education, the dropout rate among rural children is also high (Brown & Park, 2002)...the urban-rural disparity of school quality and therefore poor school performance among the rural children are the insurmountable obstacles for rural children's education.

Extract 3

Authors: Lamb Year: 2014

Rural schools are smaller and more expensive to operate, they are more likely to experience teacher shortages, and they have fewer resources (OECD, 2013). For students attending rural schools, the impact of location can mean fewer opportunities for involvement in cultural activities and for experiencing the performing and visual arts; fewer opportunities for social interaction with peers; and restricted access to the range of work/career role models and to information about careers and the range of adult life opportunities (Victorian State Board of Education, 1985). For schools and teachers, the effects of location include limited opportunity for involvement in broad policy discussions, limited opportunities for professional exchange and development, restricted access to support systems such as specialist resources, and restricted access to resource provision.

Body 2 Effect of underachievement in education: higher levels of poverty in later life

Extract 1

Authors: Zhang Year: 2017

The high urban-rural education disparity has caught large rural populations in a traditional poverty trap that sustains poor education and poverty. Because children from poor rural families have no chance of receiving a high-quality education, the poverty regenerates itself generation by generation in rural China. Economic reforms have brought a ray of hope that the rural population will have the opportunity to move to and work in urban cities. However, inviting the rural population to contribute to the city's development is all well and good, but no effort has been made to provide them with the same social benefits that the urban residents receive. After three decades of opening up, the strict Chinese household registration still enforces the social hierarchy in urban cities.

Extract 2

Authors: United Nations Association of Australia Year: 2017

A study conducted by UNESCO (the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation) examines the correlation between poverty and the accessibility of education. Due to the high rates of children and adolescents who are out of school, or have not completed their education, the global poverty rate may not see a reduction.

According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), the global number of children, adolescents and youth out of school in 2015 was 264 million. From that, 61 million are children who are of primary school age. 62 million are young adolescents and 141 million are young people of upper secondary school age.

The study also shows that the majority of these out of school populations are located in poorer countries. These countries generally have lower incomes and are located in regions including Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and Southern Asia, Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia, and Western Asia and Northern Africa. Poverty rates also have an impact on gender disparities in education, showcasing that more females than males are likely to be out of school in low-income and lower-middle income countries.

As the study itself states, low levels of education and acquisition of that education can hinder economic prosperity, which would, in turn, slow down poverty reduction. According to the study, if all adults received two more years of schooling or completed secondary school, it would lift nearly 60 million people out of poverty. The study postulates that economic growth would see an increase in their income. This could be achieved through effective education policies that address the issues of drop-out rates. Universal access to primary and secondary education is necessary to decrease the out of school rates, and therefore, decrease the poverty rate.

Extract 3

Author: Mihai et al. Year: 2015

In general, poverty makes us think of education failure, which means that children born into poverty are born in a vicious circle of poverty, of which they cannot escape. Those born in poverty, are less prepared or not prepared at all for the school, this practically represents a failure compared to other children from primary school. This leads to the inability to integrate. The question that follows: In such circumstances, can a child born in poverty can get out of this cycle? Even if sociologists and researchers have different approaches in this area, though they came to a common conclusion: for the vast majority of children born in poverty the chance of success in education is lower, therefore results a higher probability of failure of education. Following this failure, their chances of success as an adult are limited, which can makes us think of social exclusion. At a global level, in the nowadays economy, to complete a post-secondary education can make the difference between a life of poverty and a secure economic future.

Body 3 Effect of underachievement in education: long term health problems

Extract 1

Authors: Fonseca Year: 2019

We found that an increase in years of education leads to lower probabilities of reporting poor health and functional status. The causal relationship between education and several chronic health conditions, i.e., diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, arthritis, lung disease, and the probability of having at least a chronic illness is still statistically significant. Although there was not conclusive evidence that education has a significant effect on cancer, stroke and psychiatric illness, we did find that an increase in compulsory schooling years of one year reduces the probability of reporting poor health by 6.85 percentage points. The marginal effect of education on the probability of having any chronic illness is a decrease of 4.4 percentage points. These effects suggest that increasing compulsory schooling age had large benefits in terms of health.

Extract 2

Author: Yang

Year: 2010

Data shows that the more educated report having lower morbidity from the most common acute and chronic diseases (heart condition, stroke hypertension, cholesterol, emphysema, diabetes, asthma attacks, ulcer). More educated people are less likely to be hypertensive, or to suffer from emphysema or diabetes. Physical and mental functioning is also better for the better educated. The better educated are substantially less likely to report that they are in poor health, and less likely to report anxiety or depression. Finally, better educated people report spending fewer days in bed or not at work because of disease, and they have fewer functional limitations.

Extract 3

Authors:Institute of Public Health Ireland

Year: 2008

Cross country comparisons across 22 European countries found that overall, people with low education were more likely to report poor general health and functional limitations. Low education level has been associated with increased risk of death from lung cancer, stroke, cardiovascular disease and infectious diseases. Associations have also been found between education and a range of illnesses including back pain, diabetes, asthma, dementia and depression. Education can affect health in different ways at different stages of the life cycle. Level of education has been shown to have greater impact on mental health in younger age groups and physical functioning in older people. Education and health behaviours Evidence suggests that those who achieve a higher level of educational attainment are more likely to engage in healthy behaviours and less likely to adopt unhealthy habits. This is particularly true in relation to physical activity, diet, smoking and sexual activity