Your tax client, Steve Michaels, told you that his former accountant who prepared his annual tax returns made errors that resulted in him suffering more than $100,000 in losses. Apparently, the errors involved adjustments to his income for a loss resulting from his sale of a property that had greatly diminished in value. Michaels alleged that the former accountant incorrectly advised him that his income was too high to deduct the loss on the property. You confirmed that Michaels overpaid his taxes to the IRS and he did not receive a tax refund that otherwise would have been received.

1. Describe the legal standards of negligence and recklessness. Explain whether the former accountant violated one and/or the other standard.

2. Discuss whether there are any defenses the former accountant can assert to avoid legal liability.