1. Taking the ‘anti-linguicism manifesto’ elaborated in Chapter 1 of Skutnabb Kangas and Cummins (1988) (also available online in various places), or linguistic human rights. (Skutnabb-Kangas, 2012, in The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics) develop a structured series of questions to be addressed as individuals or in small groups:

• To what extent are or were language issues and translation issues addressed in courses you are taking or have taken?

• What is the effect of the presence or absence of these issues? Whose language is the medium of instruction?

• What is the relationship between the language of instruction and cultural assumptions permeating the theory?

• What is the relationship between language use and structural positions of disadvantage?