2. Find a ready-made or generate an audio or video record of a 15-minute period of adult–infant or adult–child interaction, to:

a. consider how you create a representation of that record; i.e. what form of transcription and what assumptions this expresses about your research questions, and how this enters into the forms of interpretations you might make (see Ochs, E.

[1979]). Transcription as theory, Developmental Pragmatics, 10[1], 43–72, available open access online).

b. having addressed this, focus on three examples from which to consider the consequences of the different models of language addressed in this chapter: structural, functional and performative.