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chemistry and chemical reactivity

Questions and Answers of Chemistry And Chemical Reactivity

The following statements relate to the reaction for the formation of HI:Determine which of the following statements are true. If a statement is false, indicate why it is incorrect.(a) The reaction
Chlorine atoms contribute to the destruction of the Earth’s ozone layer by the following sequence of reactions:where the O atoms in the second step come from the decomposition of ozone by
Describe each of the following statements as true or false. If false, rewrite the sentence to make it correct.(a) The rate-determining elementary step in a reaction is the slowest step in a
Identify which of the following statements are incorrect. If the statement is incorrect, rewrite it to be correct.(a) Reactions are faster at a higher temperature because activation energies are
The reaction cyclopropane n propene occurs on a platinum metal surface at 200°C. (The platinum is a catalyst.) The reaction is first-order in cyclopropane. Indicate how the following quantities
Isotopes are often used as “tracers” to follow an atom through a chemical reaction, and the following is an example. Acetic acid reacts with methanol.Explain how you could use the isotope 18O to
Examine the reaction coordinate diagram given here.(a) How many steps are in the mechanism for the reaction described by this diagram?(b) Is the reaction overall exothermic or endothermic?
Draw a reaction coordinate diagram for an exothermic reaction that occurs in a single step. Identify the activation energy and the net energy change for the reaction on this diagram. Draw a second
Consider the reaction of ozone and nitrogen monoxide to form nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.Which of the following orientations for the collision between ozone and nitrogen monoxide could perhaps lead
Write the formula and give the name of the conjugate base of each of the following acids.(a) HCN(b) HSO4−(c) HF
Write equilibrium constant expressions for the following reactions. For gases, use either pressures or concentrations. (a) 2 H₂O₂(g) 2 H₂O(g) + O₂(g) (b) CO(g) + ¹/2 O₂(g) → CO₂(g) (c)
Write the formula and give the name of the conjugate acid of each of the following bases.(a) NH3(b) HCO3−(c) Br−
Write equilibrium constant expressions for the following reactions. For gases, use either pressures or concentrations. (a) 3 O₂(g) →2 03(g) (b) Fe(s) + 5 CO(g) (c) (NH4)2CO3(s) — Fe(CO),(g) 2
A mixture of SO2, O2, and SO3 at 1000 K contains the gases at the following concentrations: [SO2] = 5.0 × 10−3 mol/L, [O2] = 1.9 × 10−3 mol/L, and [SO3] = 6.9 × 10−3 mol/L. Is the reaction
The reactionhas an equilibrium constant, Kc, of 170 at 25°C. If 2.0 ×10−3 mol of NO2 is present in a 10.-L flask along with 1.5 × 10−3 mol of N2O4, is the system at equilibrium? If it is not
What are the products of each of the following acid–base reactions? Indicate the acid and its conjugate base and the base and its conjugate acid.(a) HClO4 + H2O →(b) NH4+ + H2O →(c) HCO3− +
Kc = 5.6 × 10−12 at 500 K for the dissociation of iodine molecules to iodine atoms.A mixture has [I2] = 0.020 mol/L and [I] = 2.0 × 10−8 mol/L. Is the reaction at equilibrium (at 500 K)? If
What are the products of each of the following acid–base reactions? Indicate the acid and its conjugate base and the base and its conjugate acid.(a) HNO3 + H2O →(b) HSO4− + H2O →(c) H3O+ +
Write balanced equations showing how the hydrogen oxalate ion, HC2O4−, can be both a Brønsted acid and a Brønsted base.
The equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reactionis 3.9 × 10−3 at 300°C. A mixture contains the gases at the following concentrations: [NOCl] =5.0 × 10−3 mol/L, [NO] = 2.5 × 10−3 mol/L, and
Write balanced equations showing how the HPO42− ion of sodium hydrogen phosphate, Na2HPO4, can be a Brønsted acid or a Brønsted base.
The reactionwas examined at 250°C. At equilibrium, [PCl5] =4.2 × 10−5 mol/L, [PCl3] = 1.3 × 10−2 mol/L, and [Cl2] = 3.9 × 10−3 mol/L. Calculate Kc for the reaction. PC15 (8) PC13(g) +
In each of the following acid–base reactions, identify the Brønsted acid and base on the left and their conjugate partners on the right. (a) HCO₂H(aq) + H₂O(l) → (b) NH3(aq)+ H₂S(aq) (c)
An equilibrium mixture of SO2, O2, and SO3 at a high temperature contains the gases at the following concentrations: [SO2] = 3.77 × 10−3 mol/L, [O2] = 4.30 × 10−3 mol/L, and [SO3] = 4.13
In each of the following acid–base reactions, identify the Brønsted acid and base on the left and their conjugate partners on the right. (a) C,H,N(aq) + CH3CO₂H(aq) : C₂H5NH+ (aq) + CH3CO₂
Draw the Lewis structure for carbonyl fluoride, COF2. What are the electron-pair geometry and molecular geometry around the central atom? What is the hybridization of the carbon atom? What orbitals
What hybrid orbital set is used by each of the indicated atoms in the molecules below?(a) The carbon atoms and the oxygen atom in dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3(b) Each carbon atom in propene(c) The two
Sketch the resonance structures for the nitrite ion, NO2−. Describe the electron-pair and molecular geometries of the ion. From these geometries, decide on the O—N—O bond angle, the average NO
1,2-Dichloroethylene can be synthesized by adding Cl2 to the carbon–carbon triple bond of acetylene.Using bond dissociation enthalpies, estimate the enthalpy change for this reaction in the gas
The backbone of both DNA and RNA consists of alternating deoxyribose and phophate groups .Figure 8.14(a) Rank the types of bonds (such as C–C, C–O) in 2-deoxyribose in terms of increasing
White phosphorus exists as P4 molecules with phosphorus atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron.(a) Elemental phosphorus reacts with Cl2 to form PCl3. Write a balanced chemical equation for this
The answer in Study Question 95 does not exactly match the value for the bond dissociation enthalpy of P—Cl in Table 8.8. The reason is that the numbers in the table are averages, derived from data
Draw the Lewis structure for acetamide, CH3CONH2. What are the electron-pair geometry and molecular geometry around the two C atoms? What is the hybridization of each of the C atoms? What orbitals
One of the cylinders of an automobile engine has a volume of 400. cm3. The engine takes in air at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of 15°C and compresses the air to a volume of 50.0 cm3 at
The ion Si2− was reported in a laboratory experiment in 1996.(a) Using molecular orbital theory, predict the bond order for the ion.(b) Is the ion paramagnetic or diamagnetic?(c) What is the
Nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen to give nitrogen dioxide.(a) You wish to react NO and O2 in the correct stoichiometric ratio. The sample of NO has a volume of 150 mL. What volume of O2 is
A helium-filled balloon of the type used in long distance flying contains 420,000 ft3 (1.2 × 107 L) of helium. Suppose you fill the balloon with helium on the ground, where the pressure is 737 mm Hg
Ethane burns in air to give H2O and CO2.What volume of O2 (L) is required for complete reaction with 5.2 L of C2H6? What volume of H2O vapor (L) is produced? Assume all gases are measured at the same
A 1.25-g sample of CO2 is contained in a 750.-mL flask at 22.5°C. What is the pressure of the gas?
A balloon holds 30.0 kg of helium. What is the volume of the balloon if its pressure is 1.20 atm and the temperature is 22°C?
A flask is first evacuated so that it contains no gas at all. Then, 2.2 g of CO2 is introduced into the flask. On warming to 22°C, the gas exerts a pressure of 318 mm Hg. What is the volume of the
A steel cylinder holds 1.50 g of ethanol, C2H5OH. What is the pressure of the ethanol vapor if the cylinder has a volume of 251 cm3 and the temperature is 250°C? (Assume all of the ethanol is in the
A balloon for long-distance flying contains 1.2 × 107 L of helium. If the helium pressure is 737 mm Hg at 25°C, what mass of helium (in grams) does the balloon contain?
What mass of helium, in grams, is required to fill a 5.0-L balloon to a pressure of 1.1 atm at 25°C?
Forty miles above Earth’s surface, the temperature is 250 K, and the pressure is only 0.20 mm Hg. What is the density of air (in grams per liter) at this altitude? (Assume the molar mass of air is
Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O, vaporizes easily at room temperature. If the vapor exerts a pressure of 233 mm Hg in a flask at 25°C, what is the density of the vapor?
A gaseous organofluorine compound has a density of 0.355 g/L at 17°C and 189 mm Hg. What is the molar mass of the compound?
Chloroform is a common liquid used in the laboratory. It vaporizes readily. If the pressure of chloroform vapor in a flask is 195 mm Hg at 25.0°C and the density of the vapor is 1.25 g/L, what is
A 1.007-g sample of an unknown gas exerts a pressure of 715 mm Hg in a 452-mL container at 23°C. What is the molar mass of the gas?
Acetaldehyde is a common liquid compound that vaporizes readily. Determine the molar mass of acetaldehyde from the following data:Sample mass = 0.107 g Volume of gas = 125 mLTemperature = 0.0°C
A new boron hydride, BxHy, has been isolated. To find its molar mass, you measure the pressure of the gas in a known volume at a known temperature. The following experimental data are collected:Mass
A 0.0130-g sample of a gas with an empirical formula of C4H5 is placed in a 165-mL flask. It has a pressure of 13.7 mm Hg at 22.5°C. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
Iron reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce iron(II) chloride and hydrogen gas:The H2 gas from the reaction of 2.2 g of iron with excess acid is collected in a 10.0-L flask at 25°C. What is the
Silane, SiH4, reacts with O2 to give silicon dioxide and water:A 5.20-L sample of SiH4 gas at 356 mm Hg pressure and 25°C is allowed to react with O2 gas. What volume of O2 gas, in liters, is
Sodium azide, the explosive compound in automobile air bags, decomposes according to the following equation:What mass of sodium azide is required to provide the nitrogen needed to inflate a 75.0-L
Hydrazine reacts with O2 according to the following equation:Assume the O2 needed for the reaction is in a 450-L tank at 23°C. What must the oxygen pressure be in the tank to have enough oxygen to
The hydrocarbon octane (C8H18) burns to give CO2 and water vapor:If a 0.048-g sample of octane burns completely in O2, what will be the pressure of water vapor in a 4.75-L flask at 30.0°C? If the O2
A self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) uses canisters containing potassium superoxide. The superoxide consumes the CO2 exhaled by a person and replaces it with oxygen.What mass of
A cylinder of compressed gas is labeled “Composition (mole %): 4.5% H2S, 3.0% CO2, balance N2.” The pressure gauge attached to the cylinder reads 46 atm. Calculate the partial pressure of each
Equal masses of gaseous N2 and Ar are placed in separate flasks of equal volume at the same temperature. Tell whether each of the following statements is true or false. Briefly explain your answer in
A collapsed balloon is filled with He to a volume of 12.5 L at a pressure of 1.00 atm. Oxygen, O2, is then added so that the final volume of the balloon is 26 L with a total pressure of 1.00 atm. The
What is the total pressure in atmospheres of a gas mixture that contains 1.0 g of H2 and 8.0 g of Ar in a 3.0-L container at 27°C? What are the partial pressures of the two gases?
You have two flasks of equal volume. Flask A contains H2 at 0°C and 1 atm pressure. Flask B contains CO2 gas at 25°C and 2 atm pressure. Compare these two gases with respect to each of the
A halothane–oxygen mixture (C2HBrClF3 + O2) can be used as an anesthetic. A tank containing such a mixture has the following partial pressures: P (halothane) = 170 mm Hg and P (O2) = 570 mm Hg.(a)
If the rms speed of an oxygen molecule is 4.28 × 104 cm/s at a given temperature, what is the rms speed of a CO2 molecule at the same temperature?
Calculate the rms speed for CO molecules at 25°C. What is the ratio of this speed to that of Ar atoms at the same temperature?
Place the following gases in order of increasing rms speed at 25°C: Ar, CH4, N2, CH2F2.
The reaction of SO2 with Cl2 gives dichlorine oxide, which is used to bleach wood pulp and to treat wastewater:Assume all of the compounds involved in the reaction are gases. List them in order of
In each pair of gases below, tell which will effuse faster:(a) CO2 or F2(b) O2 or N2(c) C2H4 or C2H6(d) two chlorofluorocarbons: CFCl3 or C2Cl2F4
Argon gas is 10 times denser than helium gas at the same temperature and pressure. Which gas is predicted to effuse faster? How much faster?
A gas whose molar mass you wish to know effuses through an opening at a rate one third as fast as that of helium gas. What is the molar mass of the unknown gas?
A sample of uranium fluoride is found to effuse at the rate of 17.7 mg/h. Under comparable conditions, gaseous I2 effuses at the rate of 15.0 mg/h. What is the molar mass of the uranium fluoride?
Under which set of conditions will Cl2 deviate least from ideal gas behavior?(a) 1 atm, 0°C(b) 0.1 atm, 100°C(c) 10 atm, 0°C(d) 1 atm, 100°C
Under which set of conditions will CO2 deviate most from ideal gas behavior?(a) 1 atm, 0°C(b) 0.1 atm, 100°C(c) 10 atm, 0°C(d) 1 atm, 100°C
Explain why the reaction of calcium and fluorine does not form CaF3.
Thionyl chloride, SOCl2, is an important chlorinating and oxidizing agent in organic chemistry. It is prepared industrially by oxygen atom transfer from SO3 to SCl2. (a) Give the electron
Sodium metal reacts readily with chlorine gas to give sodium chloride.(a) What is the reducing agent in this reaction? What property of the element contributes to its ability to act as a reducing
Slater’s rules are a way to estimate the effective nuclear charge experienced by an electron. In this approach, the “shielding constant,” S, is calculated. The effective nuclear charge is then
Give the periodic group number and number of valence electrons for each of the following atoms.(a) O(b) B(c) Na(d) Mg(e) F(f) S
Give the periodic group number and number of valence electrons for each of the following atoms.(a) C(b) Cl(c) Ne(d) Si(e) Se(f) Al
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules:(a) Methanol, CH3OH(b) Vinyl chloride, H2CPCHCl, the molecule from which PVC plastics are made(c) Acrylonitrile, H2CPCHCN, the molecule from
Show all possible resonance structures for each of the following molecules or ions:(a) Nitrate ion, NO3−(b) Nitric acid, HNO3(c) Dinitrogen monoxide (nitrous oxide, laughing gas), N2O (where the
Show all possible resonance structures for each of the following molecules:(a) Sulfur dioxide, SO2(b) Nitrous acid, HNO2(c) Thiocyanic acid, HSCN
For elements in Groups 4A–7A of the periodic table, give the number of bonds an element is expected to form (in an uncharged molecule) if it obeys the octet rule. Group 4A: Group 5A: Group 6A:
Which of the following elements are capable of forming hypervalent compounds?(a) C(b) P(c) O(d) F(e) Cl(f) B(g) Se(h) Sn
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules or ions.(a) NF3(b) ClO3−(c) HOBr(d) SO32−
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules or ions:(a) CS2(b) BF4−(c) HNO2 (where the arrangement of atoms is HONO)(d) OSCl2 (where S is the central atom)
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules:(a) Chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2(b) Propanoic acid, C2H5CO2H (basic structure pictured below)(c) Acetonitrile, CH3CN (the framework is
Specify the electron-pair and molecular geometry for each underlined atom in the following list. Describe the hybrid orbital set used by this atom in each molecule or ion.(a) BBr3(b) CO2(c) CH2Cl2(d)
What is the hybrid orbital set used by each of the underlined atoms in the following molecules? Η :Ο: Η H-N-C-N-H (a) Η Η Η TIT (b) H,C=C=C=C=0 Η Η (c) H=C=C=C=N:
Specify the electron-pair and molecular geometry for each underlined atom in the following list. Describe the hybrid orbital set used by this atom in each molecule or ion.(a) CSe2(b) SO2(c) CH2O(d)
Draw the Lewis structures of the acid HPO2F2 and its anion PO2F2−. What is the molecular geometry and hybridization for the phosphorus atom in each species? (H is bonded to an O atom in the acid.)
Draw the Lewis structures of the acid HSO3F and its anion SO3F−. What is the molecular geometry and hybridization for the sulfur atom in each species? (H is bonded to an O atom in the acid.)
What is the hybridization of the carbon atom in phosgene, Cl2CO? Give a complete description of the σ and π bonding in this molecule.
What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in benzene, C6H6? Describe the σ and π bonding in this compound.
What is the electron-pair and molecular geometry around the central S atom in thionyl chloride, SOCl2? What is the hybridization of sulfur in this compound?
What is the electron-pair and molecular geometry around the central S atom in sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2? What is the hybridization of sulfur in this compound?
The arrangement of groups attached to the C atoms involved in a CPC double bond leads to cis and trans isomers. For each compound below, draw the other isomer. H₂C (a) H C=C H CH3 CI (b)
For each compound below, decide whether cis and trans isomers are possible. If isomerism is possible, draw the other isomer. H₂C (a) H H (b) H C=C C=C H H CH₂CH3 CHS CI (c) H C=C CH₂OH H
The hydrogen molecular ion, H2+, can be detected spectroscopically. Write the electron configuration of the ion in molecular orbital terms. What is the bond order of the ion? Is the

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