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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

A hoop and a disk have the same radius and the same moment of inertia. What is the ratio of their masses?
Two disks, each of mass m, have radii R and 2R and are mounted on axles that pass through their centers. (a) Which disk has the larger moment of inertia? (b) If a force of magnitude F is applied at
Explain why placing your hands behind your head rather than placing them on your stomach makes sit-ups more difficult.
Match each of the examples of motion in Problem 22 to one of the velocity???time graphs shown in Figure P2.23. Figure P2.23 ? t Case 1 Case 2 t Case 3 Case 4
A railroad car (m = 3000 kg) is coasting along a level track with an initial speed of 25 m/s. A load of coal is then dropped into the car as sketched in Figure 7.19.? (a) Treat the railroad car plus
An airplane is sent on a rescue mission to help a stranded explorer near the South Pole. The plane cannot land, but instead drops a supply package of mass m = 60 kg while it is flying horizontally
Figure P7.45 shows several arrangements of blocks. In cases 1 through 3, the blocks all have the same mass, but in case 4, one of the blocks has a mass twice that of the other two blocks. Find the
Estimate the location of the center of mass of the thin metal plate in Figure P7.46. Assume the grid lines are spaced 1 cm apart in both the x and y directions. Figure P7.46 ? -y- +5 =5. 5.
Consider the Sun and the Earth as a “system” of two “particles.” The center of mass of this system lies a distance L from the center of the Sun. Find L and compare it to the radius of the Sun.
A block of wood (Mblock = 5.2 kg) rests on a horizontal surface for which the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.28. A bullet (mbullet = 32 g) is shot along the horizontal direction and quickly
Consider again the collision between two hockey pucks in Figure P7.24, but now they do not stick together. Their speeds before the collision are v1i= 20 m/s and v2i= 15 m/s. It is found that after
Consider the motion of the two ice skaters in Figure 7.28 and assume they have masses of 60 kg and 100 kg. If the larger skater has moved a distance of 12 m from his initial position, where is the
A person of mass 90 kg standing on a friction less, horizontal surface fires a bullet of mass 40 g in a horizontal direction. After the bullet has traveled a distance of 50 m, what distance has the
Consider the motion of an apple and the Earth as the apple falls to the ground. If the apple begins at the top of a tree of height 15 m, how much does the Earth move?
A bomb that is initially at rest at the origin explodes and breaks into two pieces of mass m1= 1500 kg and m2= 2500 kg as shown in Figure P7.50. If piece 1 has a velocity of +35 m/s directed along x,
A hand grenade is thrown with speed v0= 30 m/s, as sketched in Figure P7.51, just prior to exploding. It breaks into two pieces of equal mass after the explosion. One piece has a final velocity of 40
The ballistic pendulum. A bullet of mass m = 30 g is fired into a wooden block of mass M = 5.0 kg as shown in Figure P7.52. The block is attached to a string of length 1.5 m. The bullet is embedded
A rock of mass 30 g strikes a car windshield while the car is traveling on a highway. Estimate the force of the rock on the windshield. You will need to estimate the collision time (i.e., the time
Two particles of mass 2.3 kg and mass 4.3 kg that are free to move on a horizontal track are initially held at rest so that they compress a spring as shown in Figure P7.54. The spring has a spring
A tennis ball of mass 0.12 kg is dropped vertically onto a hard concrete floor from a height of 1.5 m. The ball then bounces up to some maximum height h. If the ball bounces up to a height h = 1.0 m,
Consider a reaction that involves the creation of two elementary particles as in Figure P7.56. One particle is a proton of mass mp, and the other has mass m2= mp/1800. If the proton leaves the
Finding the barycenter. How far is the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system from the center of the Earth? Is it below the surface of the Earth?
A father (mF = 75 kg) and his daughter (mD = 35 kg) stand on a flat, frozen lake of negligible friction. They hold a 10-m-long rope stretched between them. The father and daughter then pull the rope
Twin brothers, each of mass 50 kg, sit in a symmetric canoe of mass 40 kg. Each boy sits 1.5 m away from the center of the canoe as they toss a basketball (mass = 0.60 kg) back and forth.(a) How much
A block of mass 3.5 kg is initially at rest on a wedge of mass 20 kg, height 0.30 m, and incline angle θ = 35° as shown in Figure P7.60. There is no friction between the wedge and the floor.
Consider three scenarios for a one-dimensional elastic collision in which a “bullet” is fired at a stationary target. For each scenario, determine the final velocities of both the bullet, v1f,
Fun with a Super Ball. A Super Ball has a coefficient of restitution α = 0.90. This means that the y components of the ball???s velocity just before and after hitting the floor are related by vfy=
Consider again the discussion in Section 7.2 concerning air bags and impulse for a car colliding with a tree. The car’s velocity of 40 mi/h is reduced to zero very quickly, but the head of a
Crumple zones. A life-saving development in automobile manufacture is the invention of crumple zones, areas of the body and frame of a car deliberately made to collapse in a collision (Fig. P7.64)
A projectile of mass 10 kg is launched at an angle of 55° and an initial speed of 87 m/s. Just as the object reaches the maximum height in its trajectory, a small explosion along the horizontal
A cart of mass m1= 10 kg slides down a friction less ramp and is made to collide with a second cart of mass m2= 20 kg, which then heads into a vertical loop of radius 0.25 m as shown in Figure
Again consider the track and carts in Figure P7.66 with m1= 10 kg and m2= 20 kg, but this time the carts stick together after the collision.? (a) Find the height h from which cart 1 would need to
A firefighter directs a horizontal stream of water toward a fire at an angle of 40° measured from the horizontal. The fire hydrant and hose deliver 95 gallons per minute (1 gal/min = 6.31 × 10-4
A machine gun directs a flow of bullets at a steel target mounted on a cart with negligible friction and of mass 600 kg. In this case, the gun is an Uzi, which uses 9-mm (8.0-g) bullets and can fire
Rocket engines work by expelling gas at a high speed as illustrated in Figure P7.71. We wish to design an engine that expels an amount of gas mg= 50 kg each second, and we want the engine to exert a
Comet Shoemaker-Levy struck Jupiter in 1994. Just before the collision, the comet broke into several pieces. The total mass of all the pieces was estimated to be 3.8 × 108 kg, and they all had a
Figure P7.73 shows two stars with masses m1and m2moving in circular orbits (the dashed circles) due to their mutual gravitational attraction. What is the approximate value of the mass ratio
A man (m1= 90 kg) is standing on a railroad flat car that is 9.0 m long and of unknown mass m2. The man and the car are initially at rest on a level track (Fig. P7.74A), and the wheels of the car are
What is the magnitude of the momentum of a baseball (m = 0.14 kg) traveling at a speed of 100 mi/h? Express your answer in SI units.
The boxes in Figure Q7.2 all have the same mass and size. What is the approximate location of the center of mass of the two boxes in case 1, the three boxes in case 2, and the four boxes in case
Consider two cars, one a compact model (m = 800 kg) and the other an SUV (m = 2500 kg). The SUV is traveling at 10 m/s, while the compact car is traveling at an unknown speed v. If the two cars have
What is the approximate location of the center of mass of the boomerang in Figure Q7.3? Figure Q7.3 ? y — х
Consider two cars that are on course for a head-on collision. If they have masses m1 = 1200 kg and m2 = 1800 kg and are both traveling at 30 m/s, what is the magnitude of the total momentum?
Explain why the center of mass of an object (such as the boomerang in Fig. Q7.3) may not be ???inside??? the object. We discussed how the center of mass can be thought of as the ???balance point???
Two particles of mass m1= 1.2 kg and m2= 2.9 kg are traveling as shown in Figure P7.4. What is the total momentum of this system? Be sure to give the magnitude and direction of the momentum. Figure
If the magnitude of the momentum of an object is increased by a factor of three, by what factor is the kinetic energy changed? Assume the mass of the object is unchanged.
Slap shot! A hockey player strikes a puck that is initially at rest. The force exerted by the stick on the puck is 1000 N, and the stick is in contact with the puck for 5.0 ms (0.0050 s). (a)
Two objects of different mass have the same kinetic energy. Which one has the larger momentum?
A constant force of magnitude 25 N acts on an object for 3.0 s. What is the magnitude of the impulse?
A baseball has a certain momentum pball and a certain kinetic energy KEball. One golf ball (ball 1) is given a momentum equal to pball, and a second golf ball (ball 2) is given a kinetic energy equal
A rubber ball (mass 0.25 kg) is dropped from a height of 1.5 m onto the floor. Just after bouncing from the floor, the ball has a speed of 4.0 m/s. (a) What are the magnitude and direction of
Consider the momentum of an object that is undergoing projectile motion. Is its momentum conserved? If the answer is no, is any component of the momentum conserved? Explain.
For the cue ball in Figure Q7.12, make a qualitative sketch of how the force exerted by the rail on the ball varies with time. Be sure to plot both the x and y components of the force and indicate
In which case is the momentum change of a baseball largest, (a) A pitch caught by a catcher, (b) A baseball thrown by a pitcher, or (c) A baseball hit by a batter? Explain your answer.
(a) What is the impulse imparted to the ball? Be sure to give the magnitude and direction. (b) What is the change in momentum of the ball? Be sure to give the magnitude and
Consider the collision between an asteroid and a rocket as discussed in connection with Figure 7.17. We have already calculated the deflection angle that results from the collision with the rocket
A rubber ball is dropped and bounces vertically from a horizontal concrete floor. If the ball has a speed of 3.0 m/s just before striking the floor and a speed of 2.5 m/s just after bouncing, what is
Finish the analysis of the force in the automobile collision in Example 7.7. Find the average collision force along y and the magnitude of the total collision force.
A baseball player hits a baseball (m = 0.14 kg) as shown in Figure P7.11. The ball is initially traveling horizontally with a speed of 40 m/s. The batter hits a fly ball as shown, with speed vf= 55
A cue ball bounces off the rail of a pool table as shown in Figure Q7.12. The momentum of the ball changes.? (a) What is the source of the impulse?? (b) That is, what is the source of the force?? (c)
The baseball in Problem 11 is replaced by a very flexible rubber ball of equal mass.? (a) Does the contact time increase or decrease?? (b) If the contact time changes by a factor of 50 but the
Two crates are on an icy, friction less, horizontal surface. One of the crates is then given a push and collides with the other. If the crates stick together after the collision, which of the
An egg and a tomato of equal mass are dropped from the roof of a three-story building onto the sidewalk below. The sidewalk imparts an impulse to both as they splatter. (a) Is the impulse
A tennis ball and a ball of soft clay are dropped from the same height onto the floor below. The force from the floor produces an impulse on each ball. If the balls have the same mass, which impulse
Consider an archer who fi res an arrow. The arrow has a mass of 0.030 kg and leaves the bow with a horizontal velocity of 80 m/s. (a) What is the impulse imparted to the arrow? Give both the
When you fire a gun, you experience a recoil force due to the impulse produced by the bullet on the barrel of the gun. Is it possible to design a gun in which the recoil force is zero? If so, explain
Consider a tennis player who hits a serve at 140 mi/h (63 m/s). Estimate the average force exerted by the racket on the ball (m = 57 g).You will need to estimate the collision time, that is, the time
Two masses m1 and m2 have the same momentum. If the masses are not equal, which statement(s) are correct? (a) The velocities are the same. (b) The velocities are in the same direction. (c) The
Consider the problem of returning a serve in tennis. A serve is hit at a speed of 63 m/s and is hit back to the server with a speed of 40 m/s. (a) What is the impulse imparted to the
In the event of a two-car, head-on collision, would you rather be riding in a heavy car (large mass) or a small car? Justify your answer in terms of the impulse and force on a car during a collision.
A golf ball is hit from the tee and travels a distance of 300 yards. Estimate the magnitude of the impulse imparted to the golf ball. Ignore air drag in your analysis.You will need to estimate the
Explain why a padded dashboard makes a car safer in the event of an accident.
Uppercut! A boxer hits an opponent on the chin and imparts an impulse of 500 N · s. Estimate the magnitude of the average force.You will need to estimate the collision time, that is, the time two
An astronaut is working in distant space (outside his spaceship and far from any planets or stars) and floating freely when he accidently throws a wrench. (a) Is the astronaut’s momentum
Suppose the force on an object varies with time as shown in Figure P7.19. Estimate the impulse imparted to the object. Assume the motion is one dimensional. Figure P7.19 ? F (N)_ 3000 2000 1000 -t
As an apple falls from a tree, its speed increases, so the magnitude of its momentum also increases. Explain why this is consistent with the principle of conservation of momentum.
Two objects of mass m and 3m undergo a completely inelastic collision in one dimension. If the two objects are at rest after the collision, what was the ratio of their speeds before the collision?
Two particles of mass m1= 1.5 kg and m2= 3.5 kg undergo a one-dimensional head-on collision as shown in Figure P7.21. Their initial velocities along x are v1i= 12 m/s and v2i= -7.5 m/s. The two
Two skaters are studying collisions on an ice-covered (frictionless) lake. Skater 1 (m1 = 85 kg) is initially traveling with a speed of 5.0 m/s, and skater 2 (m2 = 120 kg) is initially at rest.
The particles in Figure P7.21 (m1= 1.5 kg and m2= 3.5 kg) undergo an elastic collision in one dimension. Their velocities before the collision are v1i= 12 m/s and v2i= -7.5 m/s. Find the velocities
has an initial speed of 20 m/s, and puck 2 has an initial speed of 15 m/s. They collide, and some glue on one of the pucks causes them to stick together.? (a) If the two pucks form a ???system,??? is
In Example 7.5, we considered an elastic collision in one dimension in which one of the objects is initially at rest. Notice that mass 2 is the one that is initially at rest. Use the results for v1f
Two billiard balls undergo an elastic collision as shown in Figure P7.27. Ball 1 is initially traveling along x with a speed of 10 m/s, and ball 2 is at rest. After the collision, ball 1 moves away
Consider an elastic collision in one dimension that involves objects of mass 2.5 kg and 4.5 kg. The larger mass is initially at rest, and the smaller one has an initial velocity of 12 m/s. Find the
Two hockey players are traveling at velocities of v1 = 12 m/s and v2 = -18 m/s when they undergo a head-on collision. After the collision, they grab each other and slide away together with a velocity
Two cars of equal mass are traveling as shown in Figure P7.30 just before undergoing a collision. Before the collision, one of the cars has a speed of 18 m/s along +x and the other has a speed of 25
Two cars collide head-on and lock bumpers on an icy (frictionless) road. One car has a mass of 800 kg and an initial speed of 12 m/s and is moving toward the north. The other car has a mass of 1200
A baseball pitcher (m = 80 kg) is initially standing at rest on an extremely slippery, icy surface. He then throws a baseball (m = 0.14 kg) with a horizontal velocity of 50 m/s. What is the recoil
A military gun is mounted on a railroad car (m = 1500 kg) as shown in Figure P7.34. There is no frictional force on the car, the track is horizontal, and the car is initially at rest. The gun then
An open railroad car of mass 2500 kg is coasting with an initial speed of 14 m/s on a friction less, horizontal track. It is raining, and water begins to accumulate in the car. After some time, it is
The M79 grenade launcher was first used by the U.S. Army in 1961. It fires a grenade with an approximate mass m ≈ 7.0 kg at a speed of 75 m/s. (a) If a soldier fires the M79 horizontally while
A skateboarder (m = 85 kg) takes a running jump onto a friend???s skateboard that is initially at rest as sketched in Figure P7.37. The friend is standing on the skateboard (mass of friend plus
A bullet of mass 15 g is fired with an initial speed of 300 m/s into a wooden block that is initially at rest. The bullet becomes lodged in the block, and the bullet and block then slide together on
A railroad car containing explosive material is initially traveling south at a speed of 5.0 m/s on level ground. The total mass of the car plus explosives is 3.0 × 104 kg. An accidental spark
Find the center of mass of the two particles in Figure P7.41. Figure P7.41 ? 7.0 kg 3.0 kg т т х (m) -5 5
Find the center of mass of the four particles in Figure P7.42. Their masses are m1= 12 kg, m2?= 18 kg, m3= 7.9 kg, and m4= 23 kg. Figure P7.42 ? y (m). -10 -5. х (m) 10- -5. m2
Two objects are moving along the x axis with velocities of 35 m/s (object 1) and -25 m/s (object 2). (a) If the center of mass has a velocity of +10 m/s, which object has the greater
A rock of mass 3.3 kg is tied to a string of length 1.2 m. The rock is held at rest as shown in Figure P6.49 so that the string is initially tight, and then it is released.? (a) Find the speed of the
Consider again the skateboarder in Figure P6.39. (a) Assuming she starts at the top of the half-pipe, make qualitative sketches of her kinetic energy and potential energy as a function of x in the
A car of mass m = 1500 kg is pushed off a cliff of height h = 24 m (Fig. P6.28). If the car lands a distance of 10 m from the base of the cliff, what was the kinetic energy of the car the instant

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