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fundamentals of thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Fundamentals Of Thermodynamics

A 150-lbm human total footprint is 0.5 ft2 when the person is wearing boots. If snow can support an extra 1 psi, what should the total snowshoe area be?
A power plant that separates carbon dioxide from the exhaust gases compresses it to a density of 8 lbm/ft3 and stores it in an unminable coal seam with a porous volume of 3 500 000 ft3. Find the mass
An escalator brings four people with a total mass of 600 lbm and a 1000-lbm cage up with an acceleration of 3 ft/s2. What is the needed force in the cable?
A steel piston of mass 10 lbm is in the standard gravitational field, where a force of 10 lbf is applied vertically up. Find the acceleration of the piston.
Chemical reaction rates generally double for a 10-K increase in temperature. How large an increase is that in Fahrenheit?
What is the relative magnitude of degree Rankine to degree Kelvin?
What is the lowest possible temperature in degrees Fahrenheit? In degrees Rankine?
How much mass is in 1 gal of gasoline? In helium in a balloon at atmospheric P and T?
A mass of 2 lbm has an acceleration of 5 ft/s2. What is the needed force in lbf ?
A 5-kg piston in a cylinder with a diameter of 100 mm is loaded with a linear spring and the outside atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, as shown in Fig. P1.101. The spring exerts no force on the piston
Two cylinders are connected by a piston, as shown in Fig. P1.100. Cylinder A is used as a hydraulic lift and pumped up to 500 kPa. The piston mass is 25 kg, and there is standard gravity. What is the
The main waterline into a tall building has a pressure of 600 kPa at 5-m elevation belowground level. The building is shown in Fig. P1.99. How much extra pressure does a pump need to add to ensure a
In the city water tower, water is pumped up to a level 25 m above ground in a pressurized tank with air at 125 kPa over the water surface. This is illustrated in Fig. P1.98. Assuming water density of
The density of liquid water is ρ = 1008 − T/2 [kg/m3] with T in ◦C. If the temperature increases 10◦C, how much deeper does a 1-m layer of water become?
The human comfort zone is between 18 and 24◦C. What is the range in Kelvin? What is the maximum relative change from the low to the high temperature?
An oxygen molecule with mass m = M mo = 32 × 1.66 × 10−27 kg moves with a velocity of 240 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the molecule? What temperature does that corresponds to if it has to
A 52-kg package is lifted up to the top shelf in a storage bin that is 4 m above the ground floor. How much increase in potential energy does the package get?
A car moves at 75 km/h; its mass, including people, is 3200 kg. How much kinetic energy does the car have?
A piece of experimental apparatus, Fig. P1.83, is located where g = 9.5 m/s2 and the temperature is 5◦C. Air flow inside the apparatus is determined by measuring the pressure drop across an orifice
Two piston/cylinder arrangements, A and B, have their gas chambers connected by a pipe, as shown in Fig. P1.81. The cross-sectional areas are AA = 75 cm2 and AB = 25 cm2, with the piston mass in A
Two cylinders are filled with liquid water, ρ =1000 kg/m3, and connected by a line with a closed valve, as shown in Fig. P1.80. A has 100 kg and B has 500 kg of water, their cross-sectional areas
A pipe flowing light oil has a manometer attached, as shown in Fig. P1.78. What is the absolute pressure in the pipe flow?In Fig. P1.78 Po = 101 kPa 0.7 m Oil 0.3 m Water 0.1 m
A U-tube manometer filled with water (density = 1000 kg/m3) shows a height difference of 25 cm. What is the gauge pressure? If the right branch is tilted to make an angle of 30◦with the horizontal,
The absolute pressure in a tank is 115 kPa and the local ambient absolute pressure is 97 kPa. If a U-tube with mercury (density = 13 550 kg/m3) is attached to the tank to measure the gauge pressure,
The standard pressure in the atmosphere with elevation (H) above sea level can be correlated as P = P0 (1 − H/L) 5.26 with L = 44 300 m. With the local sea level pressure P0 at 101 kPa, what is the
A probe is lowered 16 m into a lake. Find the absolute pressure there.
A piston, mp = 5 kg, is fitted in a cylinder, A = 15 cm2, that contains a gas. The setup is in a centrifuge that creates an acceleration of 25 m/s2 in the direction of piston motion toward the gas.
A steel tank of cross-sectional area 3 m2 and height 16 m weighs 10 000 kg and is open at the top, as shown in Fig. P1.59.Wewant to float it in the ocean so that it is positioned 10 m straight down
What is the pressure at the bottom of a 5-m-tall column of fluid with atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa on the top surface if the fluid isa. Water at 20◦C?b. Glycerine at 25◦C?c. Gasoline at 25◦C?
An underwater buoy is anchored at the seabed with a cable, and it contains a total mass of 250 kg. What should the volume be so that the cable holds it down with a force of 1000 N?
A 2.5-m-tall steel cylinder has a cross-sectional area of 1.5m2. At the bottom, with a height of 0.5 m, is liquid water, on top of which is a 1-m-high layer of gasoline. This is shown in Fig. P1.55.
A piston/cylinder with a cross-sectional area of 0.01 m2 has a piston mass of 100 kg resting on the stops, as shown in Fig. P1.50.With an outside atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa, what should the
A 75-kg human total footprint is 0.05 m2 when the human is wearing boots. Suppose you want to walk on snow that can at most support an extra 3 kPa; what should the total snowshoe area be?
A valve in the cylinder shown in Fig. P1.44 has a cross-sectional area of 11 cm2 with a pressure of 735 kPa inside the cylinder and 99 kPa outside. How large a force is needed to open the valve?
A 5000-kg elephant has a cross-sectional area of 0.02 m2 on each foot. Assuming an even distribution, what is the pressure under its feet?
A power plant that separates carbon dioxide from the exhaust gases compresses it to a density of 110 kg/m3 and stores it in an unminable coal seam with a porous volume of 100 000 m3. Find the mass
A steel beam of 700 kg is raised by a crane with an acceleration of 2 m/s2 relative to the ground at a location where the local gravitational acceleration is 9.5 m/s2. Find the required force.
A bottle of 12 kg steel has 1.75 k moles of liquid propane. It accelerates horizontally at a rate of 3 m/s2. What is the needed force?
One of the people in the previous problem weighs 80 kg standing still. How much weight does this person feel when the elevator starts moving?
The elevator in a hotel has a mass of 750 kg, and it carries six people with a total mass of 450 kg. How much force should the cable pull up with to have an acceleration of 1 m/s2 in the upward
On the moon, the gravitational acceleration is approximately one-sixth that on the surface of the earth. A 5-kg mass is “weighed” with a beam balance on the surface of the moon. What is the
A 1500 kg car moving at 20 km/h is accelerated at a constant rate of 4 m/s2 up to a speed of 75 km/h. What are the force and total time required?
A van moves at 60 km/h and completely stops with constant deceleration in 5 s. The mass of the van and driver is 2075 kg, find the necessary force.
An aluminum piston of 2.5 kg is in the standard gravitational field, and a force of 25 N is applied vertically up. Find the acceleration of the piston.
A steel cylinder of mass 4 kg contains 4 L of water at 25◦C at 100 kPa. Find the total mass and volume of the system. List two extensive and three intensive properties of the water.
A stainless steel storage tank contains 5 kg of oxygen gas and 7 kg of nitrogen gas. How many k moles are in the tank?
An apple “weighs” 60 g and has a volume of 75 cm3 in a refrigerator at 8◦C. What is the apple’s density? List three intensive and two extensive properties of the apple.
How can you illustrate the binding energy between the three atoms in water as they sit in a triatomic water molecule. Hint: imagine what must happen to create three separate atoms.
What is the main difference between the macroscopic kinetic energy in a motion like the blowing of wind versus the microscopic kinetic energy of individual molecules? Which one can you sense with
A thermometer that indicates the temperature with a liquid column has a bulb with a larger volume of liquid. Why?
What is the lowest temperature in degrees Celsius? In degrees Kelvin?
A water skier does not sink too far down in the water if the speed is high enough. What makes that situation different from our static pressure calculations?
Does the pressure have to be uniform for equilibrium to exist?
A manometer with water shows a ΔP of P0/20; what is the column height difference?
Two divers swim at a depth of 20 m. One of them swims directly under a supertanker; the other avoids the tanker. Who feels a greater pressure?
What physically determines the variation of the atmospheric pressure with elevation?
A swimming pool has an evenly distributed pressure at the bottom. Consider a stiff steel plate lying on the ground. Is the pressure below it just as evenly distributed?
A heavy refrigerator has four height-adjustable feet. What feature of the feet will ensure that they do not make dents in the floor?
What is the approximate mass of 1 L of gasoline? Of helium in a balloon at T0, P0?
A tray of liquid water is placed in a freezer where it cools from 20◦C to −5◦C. Show the energy flow(s) and storage and explain what changes.

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