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the analysis of biological data

Questions and Answers of The Analysis Of Biological Data

It is common wisdom that death of a spouse can lead to health deterioration of the partner left behind. Is common wisdom right or wrong in this case? To investigate, Maddison and Viola (1968)
We are often happy to do favors for other people when they have a particular need. For example, we are more willing to let someone use a photocopier when they ask, “Can I go in front of you,
Psychologists were interested in whether there is a “denomination effect”—are people more or less likely to spend money if that money is in large bills or in lots of small bills? Such research
Brent et al. (1993) carried out a study to investigate the possible association between firearms in the home and adolescent suicide. How big is the risk? They obtained information on 67 adolescent
Kuru is a prion disease of the Fore people of highland New Guinea. It was once transmitted by the consumption of deceased relatives at mortuary feasts, a ritual that was ended by about 1960. Using
Darwin suggested that plants pollinated by long-tongued insects would benefit by having long flowers, because greater length would cause the insects to press themselves farther into the flower to
The number of cases of Lyme disease, a tick-borne illness, more than doubled between 2001 and 2015 in North America. A vaccine for Lyme disease was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
A number of people afflicted with kidney stones have reported that they passed their stones naturally while riding the Big Thunder Mountain Railroad roller coaster at Walt Disney World’s Magic
Reproduction in sea urchins involves the release of sperm and eggs in the open ocean. Fertilization begins when a sperm bumps into an egg and the sperm protein bindin attaches to recognition sites on
The following graph illustrates an association between two variables. The graph shows density of fine roots in Monterey pines (Pinus radiata) planted in three different years of study (redrawn from
The accompanying graph indicates the amount of time (latency) that female subjects were willing to leave their hand in icy water while they were swearing (“words you might use after hitting
Examine the times to rigor mortis of the 114 human corpses tabulated in Practice Problem 9 of Chapter 3.a. What is the standard error of the mean time to rigor mortis?b. The standard error
Refer to the previous problem (Practice Problem 9).a. Using an approximate method, provide a rough 95% confidence interval for the population mean.b. Provide an interpretation of the interval you
Goldman et al. (1988) analyzed data on 405 patients with white blood cell cancer (chronic myelogenous leukemia) who received bone marrow transplants. They estimated the probability of relapse within
An absentminded (and not too clever) scientist friend of yours has just analyzed his data, and he has two numbers—25.4 and 2.54—written on a scrap of paper. He says: “I remember that one of
Calculation practice: Addition rule. When women are asked to rate Brussels sprouts, 30% say sprouts are “very repulsive,” 20% say that they are “somewhat repulsive,” 43% are
The following is a list of sample means for human adult height, in centimeters. Each was calculated in the same way from samples taken from the same hypothetical population.The true mean of the
When planning to obtain a sample from a population of interest, what can you do to make the standard error of the mean smaller?
A massive survey of sexual attitudes and behavior in Britain between 1999 and 2001 contacted 16,998 households and interviewed 11,161 respondents aged 16–44 years (one per responding household).
Our unique random sample of 100 human genes from the human genome (Example 4.1) was found to have a median length of 2640.5 nucleotides. Specify whether each of the following statements is true or
The following figure is from the website of a U.S. national environmental laboratory. It displays sample mean concentrations, with 95% confidence intervals, of three radioactive substances. The text
Amorphophallus johnsonii is a plant growing in West Africa, and it is better known as a “corpse flower.” Its common name comes from the fact that when it flowers, it gives off a “powerful aroma
The following three histograms (A, B, and C) plot information about the number of hours of sleep adult Europeans get per night (Roenneberg 2012). One of them shows the frequency distribution of
The HIV virus has a high mutation rate compared with bacteria and multicellular life. Many of these mutations are bad for the virus, causing it to replicate more slowly. Theys et al. (2018) assembled
Is sleep necessary? To investigate, Lesku et al. (2012) measured the activity patterns of breeding pectoral sandpipers (Calidris melanotos) in the high Arctic in summer, when the sun never sets. The
Pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes are typically carnivorous, obtaining a great deal of their nutrition from insects that become trapped in the pitcher, die, and decay. N. lowii, a pitcher plant
Hagen et al. (2011) estimated the home range sizes of four bumblebees (Bombus) by fitting them with tiny radio transmitters and tracking their positions by plane and ground surveys. They estimated
The following definition of a confidence interval was found on a web page at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. “Confidence intervals are constructed at a confidence level, such as
When a female jewel wasp (Ampulex compressa) encounters a cockroach (Periplaneta americana), she stings and injects neurotoxins into its head that render the insect unable to initiate self-movement
Which of the following numerical variables are continuous? Which are discrete?a. Number of injuries sustained in a fallb. Fraction of birds in a large sample infected with avian flu
The peppered moth (Biston betularia) occurs in two types: peppered (speckled black and white) and melanic (black). A researcher wished to measure the proportion of melanic individuals in the peppered
What feature of an estimate—precision or accuracy—is most strongly affected when individuals differing in the variable of interest do not have an equal chance of being selected?
In a study of stress levels in U.S. Army recruits stationed in Iraq, researchers obtained a complete list of the names of recruits in Iraq at the time of the study. They listed the recruits
An important quantity in conservation biology is the number of plant and animal species inhabiting a given area. To survey the community of small mammals inhabiting Kruger National Park in South
In a recent study, researchers took electrophysiological measurements from the brains of two rhesus macaques (monkeys). Forty neurons were tested in each monkey, yielding a total of 80
Identify which of the following variables are discrete and which are continuous:a. Number of warts on a toadb. Survival time after poisoningc. Temperature of porridged. Number of bread crumbs in
A study was carried out in women to determine whether the psychological consequences of having an abortion differ from those experienced by women who have lost their fetuses by other causes at the
For each of the following studies, say which is the explanatory variable and which is the response variable. Also, say whether the study is observational or experimental.a. Forestry researchers
A random sample of 500 households was identified in a major North American city using the municipal voter registration list. Five hundred questionnaires went out, directed at one adult in each
State whether the following represent cases of estimation or hypothesis testing.a. A random sample of quadrats in Olympic National Forest is taken to determine the average density of Ensatina
A researcher dissected the retinas of 20 randomly sampled fish belonging to each of two subspecies of guppy in Venezuela. Using a sophisticatedlaboratory apparatus, he measured the two groups of fish
Identify whether the following variables are numerical or categorical. If numerical, state whether the variable is discrete or continuous. If categorical, state whether the categories have a natural
In the vermilion flycatcher, the males are brightly colored and sing frequently and prominently. Females are more dull colored and make less sound. In a field study of this bird, a researcher
Not all telephone polls carried out to estimate voter or consumer preferences make calls to cell phones. One reason is that in the United States, automated calls (“robocalls”) to cell phones are
The average age of piñon pine trees in the coast ranges of California was investigated by placing 500 10-hectare plots randomly on a distribution map of the species using a computer. Researchers
Refer to Problem 18.a. Is the estimate of age based on 500 plots influenced by sampling error?Why?b. How would the sampling error of the estimate of mean age change if the investigators had used a
In each of the following examples, indicate which variable is the explanatory variable and which is the response variable.a. The anticoagulant warfarin is often used as a pesticide against house
For each of the studies presented in Problem 20, indicate whether the study is an experimental or observational study.Data from problem 20In each of the following examples, indicate which variable is
In a study of heart rate in ocean-diving birds, researchers harnessed 10 randomly sampled, wild-caught cormorants to a laboratory contraption that monitored vital signs. Each cormorant was subjected
In a study of diet preferences in leafcutter ants, a researcher presented 20 randomly chosen ant colonies with leaves from the two most common tree species in the surrounding forest. The leaves were
During World War II, the British Royal Air Force estimated the density of bullet holes on different sections of planes returning to base from aerial sorties. Their goal was to use this information to
Researchers sent out a survey to U.S. war veterans that asked a series of questions, including whether individuals surveyed were smokers or nonsmokers (Seltzer et al. 1974). They found that
Garaci et al. (2012) examined a sample of people with and without multiple sclerosis (MS) to test the controversial idea that the disease is caused by blood flow restriction resulting from a vein
Refer to Problem 26. If the occurrence of CCSVI was found to be highest in the subjects with MS, would the authors be justified in concluding that CCSVI is a cause of MS? Why or why not?Data from
CERN is a European organization based in Switzerland that uses particle accelerators for high-energy physics research. In 2011, researchers at CERN measured the speed of a subatomic particle called a
A medical researcher wants to know how well a particular drug works at prolonging the lives of patients after diagnosis with Type I diabetes. He decides he needs 50 patients for his study. He

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