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sciences
the physical universe

Questions and Answers of The Physical Universe

When saturated air is cooled,a. it becomes able to take up more water vaporb. some of its water content condenses outc. the relative humidity goes downd. convection currents result
The higher the temperature of a volume of air, thea. more water vapor it can holdb. less water vapor it can holdc. greater its possible relative humidityd. lower its possible relative humidity
Under what circumstances, if any, can saturated air take up more water? Under what circumstances, if any, can some of the water content of saturated air condense out?
Saturated air has a relative humidity ofa. 0b. 1 percentc. 50 percentd. 100 percent
The breakdown of the ozone layer is promoted by the emission into the atmosphere ofa. carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuelsb. sulfuric acid from the burning of fossil fuelsc. unburned
Why are chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases, which are widely used in refrigeration and in foam plastics, harmful when released into the atmosphere?
The ozone in the stratospherea. reflects radio wavesb. reflects solar ultraviolet radiationc. absorbs solar ultraviolet radiationd. is responsible for the blue color of the sky
Temperatures in the stratosphere increase with altitude because of the presence there ofa. water vaporb. ozonec. pollutantsd. CFCs
The tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause are respectively the upper boundaries of the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. What is characteristic of the air temperature at each of these
Weather phenomena such as clouds and storms are found in the a. thermosphereb. stratospherec. troposphered. ionosphere
Much of Tibet lies in altitudes above 5.5 km (18,000 ft). At such altitudes the Tibetans are above approximatelya. 10 percent of the atmosphereb. 50 percent of the atmospherec. 90 percent of the
What causes ionization to occur in the upper atmosphere?
Arrange the following gases in the order of their abundance in the earth’s atmosphere:a. oxygenb. carbon dioxidec. nitrogend. argon
What change in a gene is involved in a mutation? What is the significance of mutations in reproduction?
What are the basic structural units of proteins? How does the human body obtain them?
Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature, whereas saturated fats are solid? Why is eating unsaturated fats less harmful than eating saturated fats?
What is believed to be the origin of atmospheric oxygen?
How does a plant obtain its carbohydrates and fats? An animal?
(a) Give structural formulas for the three isomers of pentane, C5H12. (b) One of these isomers is also known as methylbutane. Which is it? (c) Another of these isomers is also known as
DNA is involved in which one or more of the following attributes of every living organism?a. its structureb. how it functionsc. its ability to transmit its characteristics to its descendantsd. the
Each three-nucleotide group in a DNA molecule corresponds to a particulara. amino acidc. enzymeb. nucleic acidd. protein
The structure of a DNA molecule resembles aa. single helixb. double helixc. pleated ribbond. straight chain
Give structural formulas for the two isomeric propyl alcohols that share the molecular formula C3H7OH.
Most biochemical processes in living matter are catalyzed by a. enzymes b. glycogenc. lipidsd. DNA
A transplanted body tissue or organ is rejected by the recipient’s body when the donor and recipient have different a. carbohydratesb. proteinsc. lipidsd. All of these choices are correct.
Why do you think the compound whose structure is shown below is called trichloroethene? Cl H C=C Cl CI
Which of the following statements is correct?a. The human body can synthesize all the amino acids it requires.b. The human body can synthesize some of the amino acids it requires.c. The human body
The number of amino acids important to life isa. 2 b. 8c. 20d. 69
Compare the properties of a simple ester, for instance, methyl acetate, with those of a salt, for instance, sodium chloride.
Proteins consist of combinations ofa. amino acidsb. nucleic acidsc. esters of glycerin with organic acidsd. DNA and RNA molecules
It is healthier to eat unsaturated rather than saturated fats because unsaturated fatsa. are easier to digestb. contain more energyc. keep the cholesterol content of the blood lowd. keep the glucose
What have the compounds in each of these pairs in common? How could you distinguish one from the other?(a) CH4 and C2H4(b) CH4 and O2
A given mass of fat compared with the same mass of carbohydrate can provide the body with abouta. half as much energyb. the same amount of energyc. twice as much energyd. 10 times as much energy
Lipids are synthesized in plants and animals froma. proteinsb. carbohydratesc. enzymesd. nucleic acids
To what class of organic compounds does the compound belong whose structure is shown below? H H H. Н -С —С —С C H H H
Fats and oils area. proteinsb. carbohydratesc. nucleic acidsd. lipids
Cellulose is nota. a carbohydrateb. the chief constituent of woodc. present in all plantsd. easily digested by most animals
When sugar undergoes fermentation to produce ethanol, what other compound is also formed?
Fermentation can convert sugars to carbon dioxide anda. ethanol b. acetic acid c. starchd. proteins
Plants store energy in the form of a. starch b. cellulosec. chitind. glycogen
The carbon atoms in normal hexane, C6H14, form a straight chain. All the bonds are single. In cyclohexane the six carbon atoms are arranged in a ring. Give the structural formula of cyclohexane. Are
Animals store energy in the form ofa. starch b. cellulose c. chitind. glycogen
Photosynthesis producesa. carbohydratesb. proteinsc. lipidsd. all of the above types of compounds
What is the difference between aromatic and aliphatic compounds?
The most abundant organic compound on earth isa. methane b. benzenec. glucosed. cellulose
Living things differ most from one another in their constituenta. carbohydrates b. lipidsc. amino acidsd. proteins
Each molecule of butene, C4H8, has a double bond between two of its carbon atoms. (a) Give the structural formulas for the isomers of butene in which the carbon atoms form a straight chain.(b)
Living cells consist mainly ofa. carbohydratesb. lipidsc. proteinsd. nucleic acids
Dacron is an example of a (an)a. monomerb. polymerc. isomerd. elastomer
Is it possible for a molecule with the formula C2H6 to exist? If not, why not?
The structural elements of a polymer are calleda. isomers b. elastomersc. monomersd. esters
The reaction of ethanol with acetic acid produces ethyl acetate, which is a (an)a. aldehydeb. esterc. aromatic compoundd. polymer
Is it possible for a molecule with the formula C4H2 to exist? If not, why not?
Organic acids are a. strong and highly corrosiveb. rather weakc. not found in nature but must be artificially maded. characterized by simple molecules
An organic acid molecule contains at least one carboxyl group whose molecular formula isa. CO c. COHb. OH d. COOH
Why does this structural formula not represent an actual molecule? H H H Н—С—С—С C H. H
The conversion of sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide with enzymes acting as catalysts is calleda. fermentation b. polymerizationc. photosynthesisd. digestion
The alcohols are organic equivalents of inorganic a. acids b. bases c. saltsd. oxides
Hydrocarbon derivatives in general are a. formed by burning hydrocarbons in airb. alcoholsc. hydrocarbons that have had H atoms replaced by other atoms or atom groupsd. hydrocarbons that have
The number of electrons shared among all the carbon atoms in a benzene ring isa. 1b. 2c. 6d. 12
Why are substances whose molecules contain triple carbon-carbon bonds relatively rare?
Which one or more of the following compounds cannot exist?a. C2H2 b. C2H3 c. C2H4 d. C4H8
A molecule in which three bonds occur between carbon atoms isa. C2H b. C2H2 c. C2H4d. C2H6
How many covalent bonds are present between the carbon atom and each oxygen atom in carbon dioxide, CO2?
In comparison with hydrocarbon molecules that have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, hydrocarbon molecules with only single bonds are in general a. less reactiveb. about the same in
Hydrocarbon molecules with only single bonds between carbon atoms area. fairly reactiveb. fairly unreactivec. extremely densed. unsaturated
How many electrons are shared in a double bond between two carbon atoms?
Unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules are characterized by a. double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, so that additional atoms can be added readilyb. the ability to absorb waterc. the ability
Compounds that have the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas are calleda. hydrocarbonsb. isomersc. polymersd. derivatives
The isomers of a compound have the same chemical formula. In what way do they differ from one another?
Gasoline is a mixture ofa. alkanesb. isomers of octanec. hydrocarbon derivativesd. unsaturated hydrocarbons
In general, in the alkane series of hydrocarbons, a high molecular mass implies a (an)a. low boiling pointb. high boiling pointc. low freezing pointd. artificial origin
Is gasoline a compound? If not, what is it?
As a class, the alkanes area. highly reactiveb. soluble in waterc. unaffected by acids and basesd. harmless to living things
The number of covalent bonds possible between two carbon atoms in organic molecules isa. oneb. one or twoc. one, two, or threed. one, two, three, or four
What is the principal bonding mechanism in organic molecules?
The number of covalent bonds each carbon atom has in organic compounds is usuallya. oneb. two c. fourd. six
In comparison with organic compounds in general, most inorganic compoundsa. are less soluble in waterb. are more stable when heatedc. are more likely to contain carbond. react more slowly
Why are there more carbon compounds than compounds of any other element?
The science of organic chemistry has as its subjecta. compounds produced by plants and animalsb. carbon compoundsc. compounds with complex moleculesd. the determination of structural formulas
What do you think happens when a charging current is passed through a fully charged storage battery?
Which of the following metals will be deposited in the greatest mass when 1 C of charge is passed through appropriate electrolytic cells: aluminum, nickel, silver? The ions of these metals in
When an electric current is passed through a solution of hydrochloric acid, what substance is liberated at the positive electrode? At the negative electrode?
Lithium reacts with water to produce lithium hydroxide. What else is produced? Write the equation of the process. Which element is reduced and which is oxidized?
The three gases N2, O2, and NO are in equilibrium. The formation of NO is exothermic. Write the equation for the equilibrium. How would a decrease in temperature affect the equilibrium? A decrease in
The reaction 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 is exothermic. How will a rise in temperature affect the yield of SO3 in an equilibrium mixture of the three gases? Will an increase in pressure raise or lower this yield?
Changing the pressure has no effect on the equilibrium CO + H2O ⇌CO2 + H2 in which all the substances involved are gases. Why not?
How common are reversible chemical reactions?
Why is a reaction with a high activation energy slow at room temperature?
Give an example of a reaction that is (a) practically instantaneous at room temperatures, (b) fairly slow at room temperatures.
Suggest three ways to increase the rate at which coarse salt dissolves in a pan of water.
Six moles of O2 are consumed in a certain run of the reaction 2H2S + 3O2 → 2H2O + 2SO2. The number of moles of water produced in the run isa. 1b. 2c. 4d. 6
The mass of 6 × 1023 molecules of N2 isa. 14 gb. 28 gc. 84 × 1023 gd. 168 × 1023 g
What is the chief reason that reaction rates increase with temperature?
The mass of 1 mole of molecular nitrogen isa. 14 gb. 28 gc. 84 × 1023 gd. 168 × 1023 g
In round numbers the atomic mass of nitrogen is 14 u and Avogadro’s number is N0 = 6 × 1023 formula units/mol. One mole of molecular nitrogen, N2, containsa. 6 × 1023 moleculesb. 12 × 1023
Nitrogen, N2, reacts with oxygen, O2, to form nitrogen monoxide, NO. (a) Write the equation of the process.(b) The bond energies in N2, O2, and NO are respectively 942, 494, and 631 kJ/mol. Is
One mole of which of the following compounds contains the greatest mass of bromine?a. HBrb. Br2c. AlBr3d. SiBr4
The atomic mass of helium is 4.0 u and that of carbon is 12.0 u.a. The mass of 1 mole of carbon is 1/3 the mass of 1 mole of helium.b. The mass of 1 mole of carbon is 3 times the mass of 1 mole of
What is the fundamental role of activation energy in starting an exothermic reaction?

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