Questions and Answers of Developmental Psychology

Which of the following describes the relationship between taste and eating?a. Taste is sufficient to control eating.b. Taste is necessary for eating.c. Taste is both necessary and sufficient for
After surgical removal of someone’s stomach, what mechanism if any can produce satiety?a. Distension of the duodenumb. Entry of nutrients into the muscles and organsc. None. The person stops eating
When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases the hormone CCK. By what peripheral (non-CNS)mechanism does it increase satiety?a. CCK increases stomach contractions.b. CCK tightens the
Increased blood glucose causes increased release of ____, which ____ the ability of glucose to enter the cells.a. insulin . . . increasesb. insulin . . . decreasesc. glucagon . . . increasesd.
People with untreated type 1 diabetes have ____ levels of insulin, ____ levels of blood glucose, and ____ levels of hunger.a. high . . . high . . . highb. low . . . high. . . . highc. low . . . low .
Leptin is produced by the ____ cells. In most cases it tends to ____ appetite.a. fat . . . decreaseb. hypothalamic . . . decreasec. pancreas . . . increased. intestinal . . . increase
Which is the only neuropeptide that increases hunger?a. Ghrelinb. Melanocortinc. Leptind. Insulin
How do taste and ghrelin promote eating and arousal?a. They increase excitation from the paraventricular nucleus to the arcuate nucleus, an area that excites the lateral hypothalamus.b. They increase
If researchers could find a safe drug that stimulates melanocortin receptors, what would be the probable benefit?a. Improving memoryb. Helping people go to sleepc. Combatting anorexia nervosad.
The lateral hypothalamus facilitates feeding in several ways. Which of the following is not one of them?a. It alters taste sensations.b. It enhances responses to food in the cerebral cortex.c. It
Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus produces a steady increase in the release of insulin. Which of the following is a consequence?a. The animal decreases its appetite for carbohydrates.b. More of
What evidence suggests that high ghrelin levels lead to weight gain in Prader-Willi syndrome?a. People with this syndrome continue to have high ghrelin levels regardless of whether they gain or lose
How has the prevalence of obesity changed since the availability of high-fructose corn syrup and artificially sweetened diet beverages?a. Each of them helped lower the prevalence of obesity.b.
People with bulimia have elevated ghrelin levels. Is this abnormality a likely cause of bulimia? And what is the evidence?a. No. It is probably not a cause. The abnormality is common in the ethnic
What does the SRY gene do?
How do sex hormones affect neurons?
What would be the genital appearance of a mammal exposed to high levels of both androgens and estrogens during early development? What if it were exposed to low levels of both?
From the standpoint of protecting a male fetus’s sexual development, what are some drugs that a pregnant woman should avoid?
How would the external genitals appear on a genetic female rat that lacked alpha-fetoprotein?
What evidence most directly links children’s toy play to prenatal hormones?
By what mechanism does testosterone affect the hypothalamic areas responsible for sexual behavior?
Why do married men tend to have lower testosterone levels than single men of the same age?
At what time in a woman’s menstrual cycle do her estradiol levels increase? When are they lowest?
When someone demonstrates an anatomical difference between male and female brains, on average, what if anything can we conclude about its role in behavior?
What factors are responsible for maternal behavior shortly after rats give birth? What factors become more important in later days?
At an early stage of embryological development, before the influence of sex hormones, what is the appearance of a fetus’s external genitals?a. A male has a small penis and a female has a small
Sex hormones affect neurons in several ways. Which of the following is not one of those ways?a. They bind to membrane receptors.b. They activate certain proteins in the cell’s cytoplasm.c. They
What is the main difference between organizing effects and activating effects of hormones?a. Organizing effects are long-lasting, whereas activating effects are temporary.b. Organizing effects alter
If a developing mammal is exposed to high levels of both androgens and estrogens, its external anatomy will appear ______. If it is exposed to low levels of both, its external anatomy will appear
How does sexual differentiation of the brain differ between rodents and primates?a. In rodents it depends on the level of testosterone. In primates it depends on the level of estradiol.b. In rodents
How much a child plays with boys’ toys is apparently increased by prenatal exposure to ______ and decreased by prenatal exposure to ______.a. cortisol . . . estradiolb. testosterone . . .
In terms of neurotransmitter activity, how does the mechanism of erection differ from that of orgasm?a. Erection depends on acetylcholine, and orgasm depends on serotonin.b. Erection depends on
Compared to other men, what are the testosterone levels of married men?a. Lower than averageb. About the same as averagec. Higher than average
At what time, if any, during the menstrual cycle do women’s sexual desires tend to be highest, in women not taking birth-control pills?a. On average, sexual desire does not change over the cycle.b.
What effect, if any, do sex hormones have on people’s ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion?a. Estradiol impairs the ability to recognize emotional expressions.b. Testosterone improves
What hormonal levels, if any, correlate with the amount of time and care that human fathers give their young children?a. High levels of prolactin and low levels of testosteroneb. High levels of both
What evolutionary advantage is suggested for why women are more interested in men’s wealth and success than men are interested in women’s wealth?
What is a common cause for a genetic female (XX) to develop a partly masculinized anatomy?
If a genetic female is exposed to extra testosterone during prenatal development, what behavioral effect is likely?
What would cause a genetic male (XY) to develop a partly feminized external anatomy?
When children who had been reared as girls reached puberty and grew a penis and scrotum, what happened to their gender identity?
For which kind of twin pair is the concordance for sexual orientation greatest?
It seems difficult to explain how a gene could remain at a moderately high frequency in the population if most men with the gene do not reproduce. How would the hypothesis about epigenetics help with
By what route might having an older brother increase the probability of male homosexuality?
How might stress to a pregnant rat alter the sexual orientation of her male offspring?
In LeVay’s study, what evidence argues against the idea that INAH-3 volume depends on AIDS rather than sexual orientation?
On average, intersexes have IQ scores in the 110 to 125 range, well above the mean for the population(Dalton, 1968; Ehrhardt & Money, 1967; Lewis, Money, & Epstein, 1968). One possible interpretation
Recall LeVay’s study of brain anatomy in heterosexual and homosexual men. Certain critics have suggested that one or more of the men classified as “heterosexual” might actually have been
What is meant by “sexual selection”?a. Having an XX or XY chromosome pattern determines whether one develops as a female or a male.b. Hormones during a sensitive period produce longlasting
In a fetus with congenital adrenal hypertrophy (CAH), the adrenal gland produces _________ cortisol, and as a result, the pituitary directs the adrenal gland to produce _________ testosterone.a. less
A girl’s interest in boys’ toys correlates positively with which of the following?a. The size of her hippocampusb. Exposure to testosterone before birthc. Exposure to cortisol before birthd.
What condition occurs if a male lacks the receptor that enables androgens to activate genes in a cell’s nucleus?a. Klinefelter’s syndromeb. Congenital adrenal hyperplasiac. Testicular
When genetic males lacked the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, what happened to their sexual development?a. They developed an exaggerated male anatomy.b. They looked female
On average, how do heterosexual and homosexual men compare in height?a. On average, heterosexual men are several inches taller.b. On average, heterosexual men are only very slightly taller.c. On
Of the following, which is the least plausible hypothesis for why natural selection has not eliminated genes for male homosexuality?a. Perhaps the relatives of a homosexual male have more than an
Which of the following would increase the probability that a boy will develop a homosexual orientation?a. Living in a family with one or more older sistersb. Living in a family with an older, adopted
How might stress to a pregnant rat alter the sexual orientation of her male offspring?a. Stress increases synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.b. Stress decreases synthesis of
In what way was INAH-3 distinctive for most of the homosexual men in LeVay’s study and the follow-up research?a. This nucleus had fewer than average neurons but only in men who died of AIDS.b. This
What is the relevance of pure autonomic failure to the study of emotions?
How did researchers get people to smile or frown without using those words?
According to Lisa Barrett Feldman, why is it difficult to develop a scientific consensus about any theory of emotion?
What evidence challenges the idea that we identify people’s emotions by their facial expressions?
If brain damage impairs someone’s emotions, what happens to the person’s decision making?
According to the James-Lange theory, we should expect people with pure autonomic failure to experience weaker than average emotions. What kind of people might experience stronger than average
How do the functions of the sympathetic nervous system differ from those of the parasympathetic nervous system?a. The sympathetic system controls the left side of the body, and the parasympathetic
What is the contribution of the sympathetic nervous system to emotions?a. Sympathetic nervous system arousal is necessary and sufficient for an emotional experience.b. Sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following causes a panic attack?a. Lack of feedback to the brain from heartbeat and other autonomic responses.b. Decreased heart rate in a situation that should call for heightened
When researchers looked for brain areas associated with particular emotions, what did they find?a. Each emotion is centered in a different brain area.b. Anger is easy to localize in one brain area,
What brain area is associated with the behavioral activation system and a tendency to approach?a. The right hemisphereb. The left hemispherec. The amygdalad. The hippocampus
When people consider a moral dilemma such as whether to push someone off a bridge to save five other people, which of the following correlates with a stronger tendency to agree to push the person?a.
What is one reason why testosterone levels correlate only weakly with human aggression levels?
If we want to know how much serotonin the brain has been releasing, what should we measure?
Given that monkeys with low serotonin turnover pick many fights and in most cases die young, what keeps natural selection from eliminating the genes for low serotonin turnover?
What relationship did Caspi et al. (2002) report between the enzyme MAOA and antisocial behavior?
Why is extinction more effective a few minutes after a brief reminder of the original learning?
What brain mechanism enables the startle reflex to be so fast?
How could a researcher use the startle reflex to determine whether some stimulus causes fear?
What evidence indicates that amygdala activity corresponds to the effort needed for interpreting emotional information?
What can we predict about someone if we know the strength of that person’s amygdala responses to upsetting pictures or loud noises?
Why do people with amygdala damage have trouble recognizing expressions of fear?
What would be the effect of benzodiazepines on someone who had no GABA?
What evidence indicates that a smaller than average hippocampus makes people more vulnerable to PTSD?
Much of the play behavior of a cat can be analyzed into attack and escape components. Is the same true for children’s play?
People with amygdala damage approach other people indiscriminately instead of trying to choose people who look friendly and trustworthy. What might be a possible explanation?
Aggressive behavior correlates with high levels of testosterone and low levels of what?a. Acetylcholineb. Epinephrinec. Cortisold. Potassium
What does the level of 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid indicate?a. The amount of serotonin in the neuronsb. The amount of turnover of serotonin in the brainc. The ratio of serotonin to dopamined.
The less active form of the enzyme MAOA correlates with an increased probability of antisocial behavior for what type of people, if any?a. Those with a history of childhood maltreatmentb. Those who
Why do we know more about the brain mechanisms of fear and anxiety than we do about other emotions?a. Clinical psychologists have greater interest in anxiety than in other emotions.b. Anxiety depends
After damage to the amygdala, what happens to the startle reflex?a. It becomes stronger than before.b. It becomes weaker than before.c. It disappears altogether.d. It becomes more consistent from one
Suppose a researcher wants to determine whether someone is afraid of cats. Which of the following would be the most reasonable approach?a. Present a photo of a cat and see whether it elicits a
Research on the amygdala supports which of these psychological conclusions?a. People who experience great fear also tend to experience a great amount of anger.b. Anxiety disorders are more common in
The amygdala responds more strongly to a fearful face looking toward you than a similar face looking to the side. What is the likely interpretation?a. The stronger the viewer’s emotional response,
Which brain area most strongly inhibits or modifies the response of the amygdala to a potentially threatening stimulus?a. The prefrontal cortexb. The cerebellumc. The basal gangliad. The locus
People with amygdala damage have trouble recognizing expressions of fear. If you wanted to help such people recognize fear, which of the following should you ask them to change?a. The direction they
Of the people who endure traumatic experiences, which of the following are the most likely to develop PTSD?a. The people who suffered the most severe traumasb. The people who reacted most intensely
How does alcohol decrease anxiety?a. By shifting blood flow from the left hemisphere to the right hemisphereb. By increasing glutamate activity in the prefrontal cortexc. By facilitating the effects
Extinction of a learned response is most effective under which of these conditions?a. If extinction occurs at a different time of day from the original learningb. If extinction occurs a few minutes
Name three hormones that the adrenal glands release in the alarm stage of the body’s response to stress.
What kind of cell releases cytokines?
What changes do prostaglandins stimulate?

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