Questions and Answers of Developmental Psychology

What procedure is used in backward masking?a. A participant views a stationary dot surrounded by bright flashing dots.b. Researchers present a brief visual stimulus followed by a longer stimulus.c. A
What is the purpose of experiments using flash suppression, backward masking, and binocular rivalry?a. To measure how effectively a person can control attentionb. To find what happens in the brain
If your left eye views red vertical stripes and your right eye views green horizontal stripes, what do you perceive?a. Red and green stripes superimposedb. Yellow diagonal stripesc. A white field
What theoretical conclusion do the studies on binocular rivalry support?a. Unconscious processes control much of human behavior.b. A stimulus activates much of the brain when you are conscious of
People are conscious of a prolonged stimulus, but not one with an extremely short presentation. What happens at an intermediate duration of presentation?a. People report being partly conscious of
Certain people in a vegetative state gave possible indication of consciousness by doing what?a. Laughing or crying in response to what someone said.b. Moving their eyes to the left or right to answer
For people to do well on the Stroop task, activity must increase in the _____ areas of the brain and decrease in the _____ areas.a. color-vision . . . wordb. word . . . attentionc. attention . . .
Suppose someone who is trying to divide a horizontal line in half picks a spot far to the right of center. This result suggests probable damage or malfunction in which part of the brain?a. The left
If someone has spatial neglect of the left side, which of these procedures, if any, would increase attention to a touch sensation on the left side?a. Ask the person to look to the left during the
Why is it misleading to call oxytocin the “love hormone”?
If a rat has an opportunity to help another rat in distress, under what circumstances will it or will it not help?
Which hypothesis best summarizes our current understanding about oxytocin?a. Oxytocin increases love and trust.b. Oxytocin helps people restrain their emotional responses.c. Oxytocin helps people
When people with psychopathic traits try to imagine someone else’s suffering, how does their brain response compare to that of other people?a. People with psychopathic traits show less response in
Is a drug with high affinity and low efficacy an agonist or an antagonist?
How do opiates influence dopamine synapses?
What do drug use, sex, gambling, and video game playing have in common?
How is the wanting versus liking distinction helpful in understanding addiction?
When addiction develops, how does the nucleus accumbens change its response to the addictive activity and to other reinforcements?
Someone who is quitting an addictive substance for the first time is strongly counseled not to try it again. Why?
What is the similarity between the long form of the dopamine type 4 receptor and the more active form of the COMT enzyme?
What are two ways sons of alcoholics differ behaviorally, on average, from sons of nonalcoholics?
How does Antabuse work?
Methadone users who try taking heroin experience little effect from it. Why?
The research on sensitization of the nucleus accumbens dealt with addictive drugs, mainly cocaine.Would you expect a gambling addiction to have similar effects? How could someone test this
Which of the following types of drug would be a strong agonist?a. One with high affinity and high efficacyb. One with high affinity and low efficacyc. One with low affinity and high efficacyd. One
Addictive drugs and other activities producing reward increase the release of the neurotransmitter _____ in the _____.a. glutamate . . . hippocampusb. dopamine . . . nucleus accumbensc. GABA . . .
Which of these drugs improves attention at low doses and impairs it at high doses?a. Morphineb. Amphetaminec. Alcohold. Marijuana
Developing an addiction to a substance causes the nucleus accumbens to respond _____ strongly to that substance and _____ strongly to other rewards.a. less . . . moreb. less . . . lessc. more . . .
When addiction develops, why does the individual have less ability to inhibit undesirable impulses?a. Decreased activity in the nucleus accumbensb. Decreased activity in the prefrontal cortexc.
What evidence indicates that tolerance is to a large extent learned?a. Tolerance is greater in the location where one previously took the drug than elsewhere.b. Tolerance is greater in highly
What evidence indicates that many people with drug addiction had a predisposition toward abuse?a. Brothers and sisters of the person with drug addiction show similar abnormalities of brain and
Which type of alcoholism has a stronger genetic basis? Which type has earlier onset?a. Type I . . . Type Ib. Type I . . . Type IIc. Type II . . . Type Id. Type II . . . Type II
Which of the following predicts that a person is more likely than average to develop alcohol abuse?a. Failing to experience much relief from stress after drinking a moderate amount of alcoholb.
If someone metabolizes acetaldehyde to acetic acid more slowly than normal, how (if at all) will this tendency affect the likelihood of alcohol abuse?a. It will increase the likelihood of alcohol
What is the advantage of taking methadone instead of morphine or heroin?a. Methadone is not addictive.b. Someone can gradually taper off methadone and become drug-free.c. Methadone is readily
How can one decrease the memory loss associated with ECT?
What change in sleep habits sometimes relieves depression?
As depression becomes more severe, what happens to the percentage of patients showing improvement while taking antidepressant drugs or placebos?
What is an advantage of psychotherapy over antidepressant drugs?
In what way does the time course of antidepressants conflict with the idea that they improve mood by increasing neurotransmitter levels?
As opposed to an interpretation in terms of neurotransmitter levels, what is an alternative explanation for the benefits of antidepressant drugs?
What are the effects of tricyclic drugs?
What are the effects of SSRIs?
What are the effects of MAOIs?
Some people offer to train you to use the right hemisphere of your brain more strongly, allegedly to increase creativity. If they were successful, can you see any disadvantage?
What evidence suggests two types of depression influenced by different genes?
What did Caspi and colleagues report to be the relationship between depression and the gene controlling the serotonin transporter protein?
What are the advantages of bright light treatment compared to antidepressant drugs?
What are two common treatments for bipolar disorder?
Some people have suggested that ECT relieves depression by causing people to forget the events that caused it. What evidence opposes this hypothesis?
Certain people suffer from what they describe as “post-Christmas depression,” a feeling of letdown after all the excitement of the holiday season. What other explanation could you offer?
Which of the following is the most typical outcome after someone develops major depression?a. The person will remain seriously depressed for life.b. The depression will grow worse over time.c. The
Relatives of people with late-onset depression have an increased probability of what type of disorder?a. Anxiety disordersb. Circulatory problemsc. Alcohol abused. Migraine headaches
Which of the following is a likely reason why it has been difficult to identify a gene associated with depression?a. Depression does not have a genetic basis.b. Only early-onset depression has a
How do tricyclic drugs block the reuptake of serotonin and other neurotransmitters?a. They lock the transporter protein into one position.b. The transporter protein transports the tricyclic drug
What is the advantage of SSRIs compared to tricyclic drugs?a. They produce their antidepressant benefits more quickly.b. They help a larger percentage of people with depression.c. They produce milder
What is the disadvantage of using St. John’s wort as an antidepressant?a. St. John’s wort is more expensive than standard antidepressant drugs.b. St. John’s wort is less effective and produces
Which of the following is evidence against the idea that antidepressant drugs relieve depression simply by elevating neurotransmitter levels?a. The dose of drug necessary for relieving depression is
If you are already in a normal mood, could you make yourself feel even better by taking antidepressant drugs? If not, why not?a. Yes, you could. Antidepressant drugs are equally effective for
Physicians prescribe drug A for a large group of depressed patients. Six weeks later they switch to drug B for every patient who did not respond to drug A. Many of these patients show improvement
How does the effectiveness of psychotherapy compare to that of antidepressant drugs?a. Psychotherapy helps a higher percentage of depressed patients.b. Antidepressant drugs help a higher percentage
Which of these is a major disadvantage of ECT?a. Its benefits don’t last long.b. Its benefits develop slowly.c. It helps only a small percentage of patients.d. It causes permanent memory damage.
What is the most common sleep problem of people with depression?a. They sleep without dreaming.b. They have trouble falling asleep.c. They awaken early and cannot get back to sleep.d. They fall
Which of the following has been shown to decrease the probability of a renewed episode of bipolar disorder?a. Uric acidb. Avoidance of bright lightsc. Consistent, adequate sleepd. A high carbohydrate
Where is seasonal affective disorder most common?a. Near the equatorb. Nearer the polesc. Close to the oceand. In the mountains
Someone with the symptoms of schizophrenia might not qualify for the diagnosis. Why not?
Why are hallucinations considered a positive symptom?
The fact that adopted children who develop schizophrenia usually have biological relatives with schizophrenia implies a probable genetic basis. What other interpretation is possible?
Why would it be unlikely that a single gene was responsible for schizophrenia?
According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, when do the brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia originate?
Now that we see that brain abnormalities do not continue to grow worse over time, what is the implication for the possibility of recovery?
The ability of traditional antipsychotic drugs to relieve schizophrenia correlates strongly with what effect on neurotransmitters?
What drugs induce mainly the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? What drug can induce both positive and negative symptoms?
Why are the effects of antipsychotic drugs equally compatible with the dopamine hypothesis and the glutamate hypothesis?
On average, people who use much marijuana are more likely than others to develop schizophrenia. However, over the last several decades, the use of marijuana has increased substantially while the
Keeping someone’s working memory busy with an unrelated task causes normal, healthy people to produce which of these items that are characteristic of schizophrenia?a. Hallucinationsb. Delusionsc.
Schizophrenia is more common than average in which of the following types of people?a. People with allergiesb. People who live in citiesc. People who move from Europe to one of the Caribbean
What is the conclusion from twin studies regarding schizophrenia?a. Monozygotic twins are more likely to develop schizophrenia than are dizygotic twins.b. Monozygotic twins are more likely to be
Which of the following is currently the most plausible statement about the role of genetics in schizophrenia?a. An aberrant form of the DISC1 gene causes schizophrenia.b. One gene is responsible for
Which of the following has NOT been shown to increase the risk of schizophrenia?a. Being born during the winterb. Having a pet cat in childhoodc. Having a father over age 55d. Living near the ocean
If schizophrenia is due to abnormal brain development in early life, how can we account for the fact that behavioral symptoms are not apparent until later in life?a. Schizophrenia impairs only social
According to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, what is the chemical basis for schizophrenia?a. Deficient synthesis of dopamineb. Lack of sufficient dopamine type 1 receptorsc. Lack of
What is an alternative to the hypothesis that schizophrenia relates to excess dopamine activity?a. Increased reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuronb. Decreased glutamate activity in the
What are the synaptic effects of glycine?a. It directly stimulates glutamate receptors.b. It facilitates the effects of glutamate.c. It directly stimulates acetylcholine receptors.d. It facilitates
For which aspect of autistic behavior is a medication sometimes prescribed?
How can researchers determine whether a mutation or microdeletion has arisen anew?
Some people have their chromosomes examined to check for predispositions to various illnesses, such as breast cancer. What would be the pros and cons of checking for genes associated with
In what way is the genetic basis of autism similar to that of schizophrenia?a. In both, most cases can be traced to a mutation in the DISC1 gene.b. In both, most cases probably result from new
What dietary supplement during pregnancy decreases the probability of having an autistic child?a. Calciumb. Vitamin Cc. Fish oild. Folic acid
If you are familiar with various movements or schools of thought in psychology (i.e., psychoanalytic, behavioristic, humanistic, cognitive), can you match these ideas with the explanations given by:
Do you think that psychology can be, or should be, a science?
Do you agree that religious faith should be used in understanding questions in psychological science? What are some of the dangers or benefits to psychology of trying to relate these areas? What are
What is mankind that you are mindful of them,
human beings that you care for them?
You have made them a little lower than the angels and crowned them with glory and honor.
You made them rulers over the works of your hands;you put everything under their feet.
Can psychology add further insight to a biblical view of human nature? If so, how do we take up the findings of psychology yet still be true to the Bible’s view of human nature?
Do people differ in their level of agency, depending on their psychological status? Do people with limited intellectual capacity have less agency, and if so, does one also have less responsibility?
Is it possible to measure God’s action in this world with physical evidence?
How does our drive for meaning influence how we interpret actions in the world? Does our drive to make meaning influence whether we perceive physical events as supernaturally caused?

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