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social science
research in psychology methods and design

Questions and Answers of Research In Psychology Methods And Design

Give an example to show how observer bias can influence observational research, and describe how such bias can be reduced.
How are correlations used in a factor analysis?
Describe an example that shows how observational research can serve the purpose of falsification.
What two questions can be answered with a meta‐analysis?
Explain how qualitative data from non‐experimental designs can be analyzed using thematic analysis.
What are archival data, and why is archival research with independent variables considered non‐experimental research?
Explain how qualitative data from archival research would go through a content analysis before statistical procedures are applied to the data.
Describe factor analysis as multivariate method is used as a tool to examine large amounts of data.
Describe the goals of meta‐analysis and explain how effect sizes are an important part of a meta‐analysis.
Explain how meta‐analysis can be used as a tool for replication of psychological research.
Explain how the APS’s replication project eliminates the file drawer effect?
Applied research is said to have a dual function. Explain.
Use the Research Example of traffic signal labeling and food preference and choice as a way of showing how basic research and applied research are related
Use the example of Miles and the Stanford football team to show how basic research and applied research can intersect.
Describe how Hollingworth was able to use fairly sophisticated methodological controls in his applied study of the effects of caffeine.
Describe the essential features of a nonequivalent control group design, and explain why Figure 11.2c does not necessarily allow the conclusion that the program was a success.
How does applied research fare in terms of internal and external validity?
Why is it said that the nonequivalent control group design has a built‐in confound?
Early program evaluations of Head Start seemed to show that gains made by Head Start children were shortlived; by the third grade, no differences existed between those who had been in the program and
If nonequivalent groups are used and the groups are matched on a pretest score, the results can be distorted by a ___________ effect.
Describe the Research Example that evaluated whether Play Streets led to increased physical activity in children in terms of why it is a nonexperimental control group, and how researchers tried to
Time series designs sometimes include “switching replications.” How does this design differ from the basic interrupted time series design?
Describe the essential features of an interrupted time series design and three variations on the basic procedure that can strengthen the conclusions drawn from such a design.
When are focus groups and community forums used during a program evaluation?
Describe two quantitative and two qualitative procedures that can be used when conducting a needs analysis.
What is a formative evaluation and what is the value of one?
Distinguish between formative and summative program evaluations. What procedures might be used for each?
What is a summative evaluation, and why does it generate more stress than a formative evaluation?
A finding of “no difference” sometimes occurs in program evaluation research. Explain why this is not necessarily a bad thing.
Briefly describe the attributes of the four main types of program evaluation research.
Briefly describe the ethical dilemmas that can face people doing program evaluation research.
Explain why Dresslar’s facial vision study is a good example of falsification thinking.
Describe Dresslar’s (1893) facial vision study and how the results were presented, and explain why he used three participants instead of just one.
Explain how Thorndike’s puzzle box research illustrates a parsimonious conclusion.
Explain why Thorndike’s research is a good illustration of the principle of parsimony.
Those who do research in the experimental analysis of behavior use very small samples and typically do not calculate summary statistics. What strategy do they use instead?
Explain what is meant by the concept of individualsubject validity.
What is the methodological advantage of an A‐B‐A‐B design over an A‐B‐A design?
Use the behavior of a rat bar pressing in a Skinner box to illustrate Skinner’s claim that behavior can be predicted and controlled if three main factors are known.
In a multiple baseline design, one variety establishes multiple baselines across several individuals. What are the other two varieties?
Skinner’s work is said to reflect the “technological ideal.” Explain.
Which single‐subject design best illustrates the operant principle of shaping?
Describe the three essential elements of every singlesubject design.
Single‐subject designs have sometimes been criticized on the grounds of external validity. What does this mean, and how do defenders respond?
Describe the essential features of a withdrawal design, and distinguish among these designs: A‐B, A‐B‐A, A‐B‐A‐B.
What is the essential difference between the case of the boxer with ataxic dysarthria and the case of Luria’s mnemonist?
Define a multiple baseline design, explain when it is preferred over a withdrawal design, and describe three varieties.
The case of Clever Hans was described back in Chapter 3 but is used in this chapter to point to a strength of the case study method. Explain.
Use the Research Example on exercising for obese and non‐obese boys as a way of describing the main features of a changing criterion design. Be sure to work the term “shaping” into your answer.
Describe any three ways in which single‐subject designs have been criticized. How do advocates for these designs respond?
Define the case study method; using the boxer example, describe its strengths and limitations.
The case study of a very rare individual can also shed light on normal processes. How do the cases of h.M. and S. illustrate this point?
Which facts first alerted researchers to the possibility of fraud in Stapel’s research?
Describe the kinds of research likely to be undertaken by anthrozoologists.
What are the essential features of the APA code for animal research?
What does the APA ethics code say about the use of animals for educational purposes?
Describe the ways in which data falsification is usually discovered. Why does this type of fraud occur?
How does the APA define informed consent?
Describe the essential ingredients of an informed consent form to be used in research with adult participants.
What are the three basic principles of the Belmont Report?
Consider each of the following brief descriptions of actual research in social psychology. From the standpoint of the APA’s code of ethics, which components could cause problems with an IRB?Explain
Describe the basic purpose of IRBs and the reasons research psychologists have criticized them.
What was the ethical justification used by Watson and Rayner in the “Little Albert” study?
From the standpoint of a research psychologist who is thinking scientifically, how would you design a study to evaluate the following claims that are sometimes made about the use of deception in
Distinguish between the general principles and the standards of the APA ethics code. Describe any three of the general principles, as they apply to research.
How was the critical incidents technique used when the first APA ethics code was being developed?
For each of the following non‐empirical questions, think of an empirical question that would be related to the issue raised and lead to a potentially interesting scientific study.1. Is God dead?2.
Even if you never get involved in research after taking the research methods course, why is taking a research methods course valuable?
Explain why it would be a good idea to take a research methods course prior to taking courses in such areas as social, abnormal, developmental, and cognitive psychology.
You have probably heard the old saying that “bad things come in threes.” Use what you have learned about the various ways of knowing and about pseudoscientific thinking to explain how such a
If you fail to question anything in this textbook, you will be relying too heavily on _________ as a way of knowing.
As ways of knowing, what are the shortcomings of(a) Authority(b) What Peirce called the a priori method?
Some students think they should never change answers on multiple‐choice tests. What does this have to do with the availability heuristic?
Explain how various social cognition biases should make us cautious about the old saying that “experience is the best teacher.”
The basic idea behind the pseudoscientific subliminal self‐help industry is that you can change some aspect of your behavior if you let your unconscious process motivational messages (“you can
Textbook definitions of psychology always include the term “behavior.” What does this have to do with the concept of objectivity?
Using the historical example of introspection, explain how research psychologists use the term objectivity.
There are a surprising number of otherwise normal people who consult psychics for advice about how to live their lives. Explain how believing in someone who appears to have psychic ability might
What is an empirical question? Give an example.
What is an empirical question? Give an example of an empirical question that would be of interest to someone studying the relationship between religion and health.
What is a hypothesis? Give an example.
Distinguish between determinism and discoverability, as a research psychologist would use the terms.
How did pseudoscientific phrenologists get around the problem of falsification?
Describe the essential attributes of science as a way of knowing.
What is anecdotal evidence and what is the problem with using it as a way to support the truth of some claim?
Research psychologists are said to be “skeptical optimists.” What does this mean?
In psychological science, what is a law, and with which goal is it associated?
Pseudosciences are criticized for relying on anecdotal evidence. What kind of evidence is this and why is it a problem?
Research in psychology is said to have four related goals. Describe each.
In order for research psychologists to feel confident that they have found a “cause” for some phenomenon, what conditions have to be met?

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