In 2021, Juan entered into a contract to write a book. The publisher advanced Juan $50,000, which was to be recovered out of future royalties. If the book was not completed by the end of 2022, however, Juan would be required to repay the publisher for the advance. Juan did not complete the book in 2022, and in accordance with the agreement, he repaid the $50,000 to the publisher in 2023. Juan is a cash basis taxpayer. What are the tax consequences to Juan of the repayment under the following assumptions?

a. Juan’s marginal tax rate was 15% in 2021 and 35% in 2023.

b. Juan’s marginal tax rate was 35% in 2021 and 12% in 2023.