11.1 Gender gap in politics? In the United States, is there a gender gap in political beliefs? That is, do women and men tend to differ in their political thinking and voting behavior? The table taken from the 2012 GSS relates gender and political party identification.

Subjects indicated whether they identified more strongly with the Democratic or Republican party or as Independents.

a. Identify the response variable and the explanatory variable.

b. Construct a table that shows the conditional distributions of the response variable. Interpret.

c. Give a hypothetical example of population conditional distributions for which these variables would be independent.

d. Sketch bar graphs to portray the distributions in part b and in part c.

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Gender Democrat Political Party Identification Independent Republican Total Female Male 421 398 244 1063 278 367 198 843