11.36 Happiness and religious attendance The table shows MINITAB output for data from the 2008 GSS on happiness and frequency of attending religious services (1 = at most several times a year, 2 = once a month to nearly every week, 3 = every week to several times a week).

a. Based on the chi-squared statistic and P-value, give a conclusion about the association between the variables.

b. The numbers below the counts in the table are standardized residuals. Which cells have strong evidence that in the population there are more subjects than if the variables were independent?

c. Which cells have strong evidence that in the population there are fewer subjects than if the variables were independent?

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Rows: religion Not too happy Columns: happiness Pretty happy Very happy 1 201 609 268 4.057 1.731 -5.107 2 46 224 132 -2.566 0.456 1.541 3 66 265 196 -2.263 -2.376 4.385 Cell Contents: Count Adjusted residual Pearson Chi-Square = 36.445, DF = 4,1 P-Value 0.000