Wildlife: Wolves In environmental studies, sex ratios are of great importance. Wolf society, packs, and ecology have been studied extensively at different locations in the United States and foreign countries.

Sex ratios for eight study sites in northern Europe are shown in the following table (based on The Wolf by L. D. Mech, University of Minnesota Press).

Gender Study of Large Wolf Packs Location of Wolf Pack

% Males

(Winter)

% Males

(Summer)

Finland 72 53 Finland 47 51 Finland 89 72 Lapland 55 48 Lapland 64 55 Russia 50 50 Russia 41 50 Russia 55 45 It is hypothesized that in winter, “loner” males (not present in summer packs) join the pack to increase survival rate. Use a 5% level of significance to test the claim that the average percentage of males in a wolf pack is higher in winter.

AppendixLO1