11. Make up a scatter diagram with 10 dots for each of the following situations:

(a) perfect positive linear correlation,

(b) large but not perfect positive linear correlation,

(c) small positive linear correlation,

(d) large but not perfect negative linear correlation,

(e) no correlation,

(f) clear curvilinear correlation.

Instructions for Problems 12 to 14. For problems 12 to 14, do the following:

(a) Make a scatter diagram of the scores;

(b) describe in words the general pattern of correlation, if any;

(c) figure the correlation coefficient;

(d) figure whether the correlation is statistically significant (use the .05 significance level, two-tailed); (e)

explain the logic of what you have done, writing as if you are speaking to someone who has never heard of correlation (but who does understand the mean, standard deviation, Z scores, and hypothesis testing); and

(f) give three logically possible directions of causality, indicating for each direction whether it is a reasonable explanation for the correlation in light of the variables involved (and why).