English as a second language reading ability. What are the factors that allow a native Spanish-speaking person to understand and read English? A study published in the Bilingual Research Journal (Summer 2006) investigated the relationship of Spanish (first-language) grammatical knowledge to English (second-language) reading. The study involved a sample of n = 55 native Spanish-speaking adults who were students in an English as a second language college class. Each student took four standardized exams: Spanish grammar (SG), Spanish reading (SR), English grammar (EG), and English reading (ESLR).

Simple linear regression was used to model the ESLR score

(y) as a function of each of the other exam scores (x). The results are summarized in the next table.

Independent variable (x) r2 p-value for testing H0: b1 = 0 SG score .002 .739 SR score .099 .012 EG score .078 .022

a. At a = .05, is there sufficient evidence to indicate that ESLR score is linearly related to SG score?

b. At a = .05, is there sufficient evidence to indicate that ESLR score is linearly related to SG score?

c. At a = .05, is there sufficient evidence to indicate that ESLR score is linearly related to EG score?

d. Practically interpret the r2 values.