10.54 A comprehensive study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development tracked more than 1000 children from an early age through elementary school (New York Times, November 1, 2005). The study concluded that children who spent more than 30 hours a week in child care before entering school tended to score higher in math and reading when they were in the third grade. The researchers cautioned that the findings should not be a cause for alarm because the effects of child care were found to be small.

Explain how the difference between the sample mean math score for third graders who spent long hours in child care and the known overall mean for third graders could be small but the researchers could still reach the conclusion that the mean for the child care group is significantly higher than the overall mean for third graders. (Hint: See discussion of statistical versus practical significance.)