12.17 The paper “Contemporary College Students and Body Piercing” (Journal of Adolescent Health [2004]: 58–61)

described a survey of 450 undergraduate students at a state university in the southwestern region of the United States. Each student in the sample was classified according to class standing (freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior) and body art category

(body piercings only, tattoos only, both tattoos and body piercings, no body art).

Use the data in the accompanying table to determine if there is evidence that there is an association between class standing and response to the body art question.

Assume that it is reasonable to regard the sample of students as representative of the students at this university.

Use a 5 .01. (Hint: See Example 12.7.)

Body Piercings Only Tattoos Only Both Body Piercing and Tattoos No Body Art Freshman 61 7 14 86 Sophomore 43 11 10 64 Junior 20 9 7 43 Senior 21 17 23 54