A local Milwaukee research organization is conducting a study on the charitable activities of residents in the Southeastern part of the state. For this purpose the research organization administered a survey. If respondents indicated that they had made financial contributions to any nonprofit organization in the past year, they were asked whether they intend to maintain (i.e., not change), increase, or decrease their charitable giving in the coming year. Survey respondents were asked to answer a variety of other questions as well (including gender and location/ county).

The data for the dependent variable “charitable activities” are coded as follows: 

1 = donate less

2 = no change

3 = donate more  

Upon obtaining the results of the survey, the researchers look first at the relationship between gender and charitable giving behavior for the coming year: for “females” (coded 1) and for “males” (coded 2). Is there a statistically significant relationship between gender and charitable giving behavior?