The table shows the 2012 GSS data on gender and political party identification from Exercise 11.1. (The row totals are slightly different from the second table in Exercise 11.24 because selecting Independent is ignored.) The chi-squared test of independence has X²= 10.04 with a P-value of 0.0066, indicating a significant association. Let€™s describe this association:

a. Estimate the difference between females and males in the proportion who identify themselves as Republicans. Interpret.
b. Estimate the difference between females and males in the proportion who identify themselves as Democrat. Interpret.

c. Estimate the ratio between females and males in the proportion who identify themselves as Republican. Interpret.
d. Estimate the ratio between females and males in the proportion who identify themselves as Democrat. Interpret.
e. What can you say about the strength of the association between gender and whether identifying as Republican? What about gender and whether identifying as Democrat?

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Political Party Identification Gender Democrat Independent Republican Total Female Male 421 1063 398 244 198 843 367 278