In order to fill the water supply and demand gap of the city of Problem 21 for the year 2029, the following demand management strategies are recommended:

a. Water withdrawn from a groundwater source up to 20 MCM/year.

b. Reduction of network losses from 17% of total water supply to 15% by implementing a pressure management program, improving main breaks management and leakage management.

c. Reduction of landscaping water demand up to one-third of the present figure by utilizing plants resistant to water shortage and irrigation with recycled water.

d. Reduction of water demand in residential, public, industrial, and commercial sectors through enforcing legislation and public education up to 10%.

Discuss how the application of these strategies will be useful in mitigating water shortages of this city in 2029.

Data from problem 21

Consider a city with current population of 1 million (year 2009). We are planning to develop the water supply facilities of this city during the next 20 years. The water consumption per capita for this city is presently 320 L/day. The share of different consumption components relative to water consumption per capita is given in Table 6. 14. Available water supply resources of this city include two surface reservoirs with an average water allocation capacity 100 and 40 MCM/year. The population growth rate of this city has been determined as 2. 3%/year. How would the state of water resources availability be in the year 2029 regarding to water consumption?

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TABLE 6.14 The Share of Different Consumption Components Relative to Water Use Per Capita for the City of Problem 21 Share of Use (%) Water Use Per Capita Users 56 9 8 9 180 Residential 30 Public 25 Industrial commercial 30 17 55 100 320 Public green space Losses Sum