In the toad experiment (Example 6.2), what would the P-value have been if

a. 15 toads were right-handed and the rest were left-handed?

b. 13 toads were right-handed and the rest were left-handed?

c. 10 toads were right-handed and the rest were left-handed?

d. 7 toads were right-handed and the rest were left-handed?

Data from example 6.2

Humans are predominantly right-handed. Do other animals exhibit handedness as well? Bisazza et al.

(1996) tested the possibility of handedness in European toads, Bufo bufo, by sampling and measuring 18 toads from the wild. We will assume that this was a random sample. The toads were brought to the lab and subjected one at a time to the same indignity: a balloon was wrapped around each individual’s head.

The researchers then recorded which forelimb each toad used to remove the balloon. It was found that individual toads tended to use one forelimb more than the other. At this point the question became: do right-handed and left-handed toads occur with equal frequency in the toad population, or is one type more frequent than the other, as in the human population?

Of the 18 toads tested, 14 were right-handed and 4 were left-handed. Are these results evidence of a predominance of one type of handedness in toads?