Dealers have criticised the way auto assemblers use JIT as an excuse for buying parts from the inbound supply network ‘so that their costs are kept down’. They then dump finished vehicles onto the dealer by matching ‘their perceptions of a marketplace demand with their constraints as a manufacturer, i.e. what they’ve produced’ (adapted from Delbridge and Oliver, 1991). Referring to the Ford/Toyota case in Case study 6.3, comment on the trade-offs implied in these comments from disgruntled dealers.