The alumni office wishes to determine whether students who attend a reception with alumni just before graduation are more likely to donate money within the next two years.
a. Describe a study based on a sample of students that would allow the alumni office to conclude that attending the reception causes future donations but that it is not possible to generalize this result to all students.
b. Describe a study based on a sample of students that does not allow fundraisers to conclude that attending receptions causes future donations but does allow them to generalize to all students.
c. Describe a study based on a sample of students that allows fundraisers to conclude that attending the reception causes future donations and also allows them to generalize to all students.