The amino acid leucine is biosynthesized from ?-ketoisocaproate, which is itself prepared from a-ketoisovalerate by a multistep route that involves (1) reaction with acetyl CoA, (2) hydrolysis, (3) dehydration, (4) hydration, (5) oxidation, and (6) decarboxylation. Show the steps in the transformation, and propose a mechanism for each.

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Acetyl CoA, HSCOA, CO2, H20, NAD* NADH/H* co, co, a-Ketoisovalerate a-Ketoisocaproate