George (age 42 at year-end) has been contributing to a traditional IRA for years (all deductible contributions)

Question:

George (age 42 at year-end) has been contributing to a traditional IRA for years (all deductible contributions) and his IRA is now worth $25,000. He is planning on transferring (or rolling over) the entire balance into a Roth IRA account. George's marginal tax rate is 25 percent.
a. What are the tax consequences to George if he takes $25,000 out of the traditional IRA and puts the entire amount into a Roth IRA?
b. What are the tax consequences to George if he takes $25,000 out of thetraditional IRA, pays the taxes due from the traditional IRA and contributes the remaining to the Roth IRA?
c. What are the tax consequences to George if he takes $25,000 out of the traditional IRA, keeps $10,000 to pay taxes and to make a down payment on a new car, and contributes the remaining to the Roth IRA?
Distribution
The word "distribution" has several meanings in the financial world, most of them pertaining to the payment of assets from a fund, account, or individual security to an investor or beneficiary. Retirement account distributions are among the most...