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physics
modern physics

Questions and Answers of Modern Physics

Explain how x rays are produced when an electron beam falls on a metal target.
Describe how x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is done. What kind of information is obtained from photoelectron spectroscopy?
How is it possible for a diamagnetic material to be levitated by a magnetic field?
What kind of subshell is being filled in Groups IA and IIA? In Groups IIIA to VIIIA? In the transition elements? In the lanthanides and actinides?
Write the orbital diagram for the ground-state valence electrons of the main-group atom in Period 5 that has the smallest radius. Explain how you got this answer.
Using the periodic table, decide which of the following atoms you expect to have the largest radius: H, Sc, As, Br, V, K. Why?
An atom easily loses two electrons to form the ion R+2. The element, which is in Period 6, forms the oxides RO and RO2. Give the orbital diagram for the ground-state valence shell of the element that
Look at the following orbital diagrams and electron configurations. Which are possible and which are not, according to the Pauli exclusion principle? Explain.a.b. c. d. 1s22s22p4 e. 1s22s42p2 f.
Use the building-up principle to obtain the electron configuration for the ground state of the manganese atom (Z = 25).
Using the periodic table on the inside front cover, write the valence-shell configuration of arsenic (As).
The lead atom has the groundstate configuration [Xe]4f145d106s26p2. Find the period and group for this element. From its position in the periodic table, would you classify lead as a main-group
Write an orbital diagram for the ground state of the phosphorus atom (Z = 15). Write all orbitals.
Using a periodic table, arrange the following in order of increasing atomic radius: Na, Be, Mg.
The first ionization energy of the chlorine atom is 1251 kJ/mol. Without looking at Figure 8.18, state which of the following values would be the more likely ionization energy for the iodine atom.
Without looking at Table 8.4 but using the general comments in this section, decide which has the larger negative electron affinity, C or F.
Imagine a world in which the Pauli principle is “No more than one electron can occupy an atomic orbital, irrespective of its spin.” How many elements would there be in the second row of the
Two elements in Period 3 are adjacent to one another in the periodic table. The ground-state atom of one element has only s electrons in its valence shell; the other one has at least one p electron
A certain element is a metalloid that forms an acidic oxide with the formula R2O5. Identify the element.
Describe the experiment of Stern and Gerlach. How are the results for the hydrogen atom explained?
How was Mendeleev able to predict the properties of gallium before it was discovered?
A 2.50-g sample of barium reacted completely with water. What is the equation for the reaction? How many milliliters of dry H2 evolved at 21°C and 748 mmHg?
A sample of cesium metal reacted completely with water, evolving 48.1 mL of dry H2 at 19°C and 768 mmHg. What is the equation for the reaction? What was the mass of cesium in the sample?
What is the formula of radium oxide? What is the percentage of radium in this oxide?
What is the formula of hydrogen telluride? What is the percentage of tellurium in this compound?
How much energy would be required to ionize 5.00 mg of Na(g) atoms to Na+(g) ions? The first ionization energy of Na atoms is 496 kJ/mol.
How much energy is evolved when 2.65 mg of Cl(g) atoms adds electrons to give Cl(g) ions?
Consider these three animals: A. Dog, B. Horse, C. Elephant. Rank them, from highest to lowest, for their a. Surface areas. b. Masses. c. Weights. d. Volumes. e. Surface area per weight.
The uranium atom is the heaviest and most massive atom among the naturally occurring elements. Why, then, isn't a solid bar or uranium the densest metal?
Why does the suspended spring stretch more at the top than at the bottom?
A thick rope is stronger than a thin rope of the same material. Is a long rope stronger than a short rope?
Tension and compression occur in a partially supported horizontal beam when it sags due to gravity or when it supports a load. Make a simple sketch to show a means of supporting the beam so that
Can a horizontal I-beam support a greater load when the web is horizontal or when the web is vertical? Explain.
The sketches are of top views of a dam to hold back a lake. Which of the two designs is preferable? Why?
Consider a very large wooden barrel for storing wine. Should the "flat" ends be concave (bending inward) or convex (bending outward)? Why?
Why do you suppose that girders are so often arranged to form triangles in the construction of bridges and other structures? (Compare the stability of three sticks nailed together to form a triangle
Consider two bridges that are exact replicas of each other except that every dimension of the larger bridge is exactly twice that of the other-that is, twice as long, structural elements twice as
Only with great difficulty can you crush an egg when squeezing it along its long axis, but it breaks easily if you squeeze it sideways. Why?
Archie designs an arch of a certain width and height to serve as an outdoor sculpture in a park. To achieve the size and shape for the strongest possible arch, he suspends a chain from two equally
The photo shows a semicircular arch of stone. Note that it must be held together with steel rods to prevent outward movement. If the shape of the arch were not a semicircle but the shape used by
A candy maker making taffy apples decides to use 100 kg of large apples rather than 100 kg of small apples. Will the candy maker need to make more or less taffy to cover the apples?
Why is it easier to start a fire with kindling rather than with large sticks and logs of the same kind of wood?
Why does a chunk of coal burn when ignited, whereas coal dust explodes?
Why is heating more efficient in large apartment buildings than in single-family dwellings?
Some environmentally conscious people build their homes in the shape of a dome. Why is less heat lost in a dome-shaped dwelling than in a conventional dwelling with the same volume?
Silicon is the chief ingredient of both glass and semiconductor devices, yet the physical properties of glass are different from those of semiconductor devices. Explain.
If you use a batch of cake batter for cupcakes and bake them for the time suggested for baking a cake, what will be the result?
Why arc mittens warmer than gloves on a cold day? And which parts of the body are most susceptible to frostbite? Why?
What is the advantage to a gymnast of being short in stature?
Nourishment is obtained from food through the inner surface area of the intestines. Why is it that a small organism, such as a worm, has a simple and relatively straight intestinal tract, while a
The human lungs have a volume of only about 4 L, yet an internal surface area of nearly 100 m2. Why is this important, and how is this possible?
What does the concept of scaling have to do with the fact that living cells in a whale are about the same size as those in a mouse?
Which fall faster, large or small raindrops?
Why doesn't a hummingbird soar like an eagle and an eagle flap its wings like a hummingbird?
What evidence can you cite to support the claim that crystals are composed of atoms that are arranged in specific patterns?
Can you relate the idea of scaling to the governance of small versus large groups of citizens? Explain.
Is iron necessarily heavier than cork? Explain.
Show that the density of a 5-kg solid cylinder that is 10 cm tall with a radius of 3 cm is 17.7 g/cm3.
What is the weight of a cubic meter of cork? Could you lift it? (For the density of cork, use 400 kg/m3.)
A certain spring stretches 6 cm when a load of 30 N is suspended from it. How much will the spring stretch if 50 N is suspended from it (and it doesn't reach its elastic limit)?
Consider a spring that stretches 4 cm when a load of 10 N is suspended from it. How much will the spring stretch if an identical spring also supports the load as shown in (a) and (b)? (Neglect the
A cube 2 cm on a side is cut into cubes 1 cm on a side. a. How many cubes result? b. What was the surface area of the original cube and what is the total surface area of the eight smaller cubes? What
In 2009, one of the U.S government's bailout packages was $700 billion when gold was worth $800 per ounce ($28.20 per gram). Calculate the mass in grams of $700 billion worth of gold. If this amount
To an Earth observer, meter sticks on three spaceships are seen to have these lengths. Rank the speeds of the spaceships relative to Earth from highest to lowest.
The idea that force causes acceleration doesn't seem strange. This and other ideas of Newtonian mechanics are consistent with our everyday experience. But the ideas of relativity do seem odd and more
Can an electron beam sweep across the face of a cathode-ray tube at a speed greater than the speed of light? Explain.
Consider the speed of the point where scissors blades meet when the scissors are closed. The closer the blades are to being closed, the faster the point moves. The point could, in principle, move
If two lightning bolts hit exactly the same place at exactly die same time in one frame of reference, is it possible that observers in other frames will see the bolts hitting at different times or at
Event A occurs before event B in a certain frame of reference. How could event B occur before event A in some other frame of reference?
Suppose that the light bulb in the rocket ship in Figures 35.4 and 35.5 is closer to the front than to the rear of the compartment so that the observer in the ship sees the light reaching the front
The speed of light is a speed limit in the universe-at least for the four-dimensional universe we comprehend. No material particle can attain or surpass this limit even when a continuous, unremitting
Since there is an upper limit on the speed of a particle, does it follow that there is also an upper limit on its momentum, and, therefore, on its kinetic energy? Explain.
Light travels a certain distance in, say, 20,000 years. How is it possible that an astronaut, traveling slower than light, could go as far in 20 years of her life as light travels in 20,000 years?
If you were in a smooth-riding train with no windows, could you sense the difference between uniform motion and rest? Between accelerated motion and rest? Explain how you could make such a
Is it possible in principle for a human being who has a life expectancy of 70 years to make a round-trip journey to a part of the universe thousands of light-years distant? Explain.
A twin who makes a long trip at relativistic speeds returns younger than her stay-at-home twin sister. Could she return before her twin sister was born? Defend your answer.
Is it possible for a son or daughter to be biologically older than his or her parents? Explain.
If you were in a rocket ship traveling away from Earth at a speed close to the speed of light, what changes would you note in your pulse? In your volume? Explain.
If you were on Earth monitoring a person in a rocket ship traveling away from Earth at a speed close to the speed of light, what changes would you note in his pulse? In his volume? Explain.
If you lived in a world where people regularly traveled at speeds near the speed of light, why would it be risky to make a dental appointment for 10:00 AM next Thursday?
A person riding on the roof of a freight train throws a ball forward. (a) Neglecting air drag and relative to the ground, is the ball moving faster or slower when the train is moving than when it is
The formula relating speed, frequency, and wavelength of electromagnetic waves, v = f λ, was known before relativity was developed. Relativity has not changed this equation, but it has added a new
As a meter stick moves past you, your measurements show its momentum to be twice its classical momentum and its length to be 1 m. In what direction is the stick pointing?
How can the momentum of a particle increase by 5% with only a 1% increase in speed?
Electrons end their trip in the Stanford accelerator with an energy thousands of times greater than their initial rest energy. In theory, if you could travel with them, would you notice an increase
Two safety pins, identical except that one is latched and one is unlatched, are placed in identical acid baths. After the pins are dissolved, what, if anything, is different about the two acid baths?
Suppose instead that the person riding on top of the freight car shines a searchlight beam in the direction in which the train is traveling. Compare the speed of the light beam relative to the ground
A chunk of radioactive material encased in an idealized, perfectly insulating blanket gets warmer as its nuclei decay and release energy. Does the mass of the radioactive material and the blanket
The electrons that illuminate the screen in the picture tube of yesterday's TV sets travel at nearly one-fourth the speed of light and possess nearly 3% more energy than hypothetical non relativistic
Muons are elementary particles that are formed high in the atmosphere by the interactions of cosmic rays with atomic nuclei up there. Muons are radioactive and have average lifetimes of about
How might the idea of the correspondence principle be applied outside the field of physics?
What does the equation E = mc2 mean?
When we look out into the universe, we see into the past. John Dobson, founder of the San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers, says that we cannot even see the backs of our own hands now-in fact, we can't
One of the fads of the future might be "century hopping," where occupants of high-speed spaceships would depart from Earth for several years and return centuries later. What are the present-day
Is the statement by the philosopher Kierkegaard that "Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards" consistent with the theory of special relativity?
Why did Michelson and Morley at first consider their experiment a failure? (Have you ever encountered other examples where failure has to do not with the lack of ability, but with the impossibility
In Chapter 26, we learned that light travels more slowly in glass than in air. Does this contradict Einstein's second postulate?
Consider a high-speed rocket ship equipped with a flashing light source. If the frequency of flashes seen on an approaching ship is twice what it was when the ship was a fixed distance away, by how
The fractional change of reacting mass to energy in a fission reactor is about 0.1%, or 1 part in a thousand. For each kilogram of uranium that undergoes fission, how much energy is released? If
A starship passes Earth at 80% of the speed of light and sends a drone ship forward at half the speed of light relative to itself. Show that the drone travels at 93% the speed of light relative to
A passenger on an interplanetary express bus traveling at v = 0.99c takes a 5-minute catnap, according to her watch. Show that her catnap from the vantage point of a fixed planet lasts 35 minutes.

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