=+4. Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias?

a. Armend is certain that electric cars will represent 80 percent of vehicles in 20 years and only reads research studies that support his hypothesis.

b. Liza underestimates how much time it will take her to finish writing her college application essays and as a result fails to meet an important deadline.

c. Experts predicting world events with 80 percent confidence turned out to be correct less than 40 percent of the time.

d. Alliyah, after reading a definition on one of her flashcards, turns the card over to see the term and then tells herself she knew what the answer was all along.

e. Dr. Grace overestimates how effectively her new treatment method works because she fails to seek out any evidence refuting her theory.