It is believed that the ratio of cyclic photophosphorylation to noncyclic photophosphorylation changes in response to metabolic demands. In each of the following situations, would you expect the ratio to increase, decrease, or remain unchanged? 

(a) Chloroplasts carrying out both the Calvin cycle and the reduction of nitrite (NO₂^-) to ammonia (This process does not require ATP.) 

(b) Chloroplasts carrying out not only the Calvin cycle but also extensive active transport 

(c) Chloroplasts using both the Calvin cycle and the C₄ pathway