Questions and Answers of Behavior A Contemporary

“Great musicians are born, not made” is an example of the (nativist /empiricist) ___________________ perspective on behavior, and “practice makes perfect” is an example of the
Sal claims that the neglect he suffered as a child resulted in low selfesteem, which in turn resulted in his long history of criminal activity.His parole offi cer tells him that such an explanation
Lynne persists in teaching her daughter music despite the insistence of her husband that the child “was born tone deaf.” Which of these two has an attitude most similar to that of a behaviorist?
In considering the process of dreaming, a psychologist who adheres to the approach known as __________ would be most concerned with understanding how dreaming facilitates our ability to survive and
Ally’s therapist tells her that he doesn’t care what she thinks and feels;he is concerned only about what she did and about the circumstances that affected her behavior. This therapist’s
After Jasmine saw her sister talk back to the sassy kid next door, she herself did likewise. This is an example of ___________________ learning.
As originally defi ned by Watson, behaviorism is a ___________________ approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of _________________ infl uences on directly ___________________ behavior.
A middleman in a business transaction is analogous to what Tolman and Hull referred to as a(n) ___________________.
Mandy found a fi ve-dollar bill when she took out the trash one day. As a result, she often volunteers now to take out the trash. This is an example of ___________________ conditioning.
Descartes believed that the behavior of (animals/humans/both) __________ is entirely refl exive.
John’s therapist tells him that, although she cares about what he feels, she is more interested in what he did and in the circumstances that affected both his behavior and his feelings. This
Neal was recently stung by a wasp and is now quite fearful of wasps. This is best seen as an example of ___________________ conditioning.
When I haven’t eaten for several hours, I feel a strong sense of hunger and therefore walk quickly as I head to the cafeteria. This statement fi ts best with (name the behaviorist)
Learning is a relatively ___________________ change in behavior that results from some type of ___________________.
Aristotle was a(n) (nativist /empiricist) _______________, whereas Plato was a(n) _______________.
Shira emphasizes environmental explanations for behavior and believes that thoughts and feelings should be regarded as private behaviors that also need to be explained. As such, she is most likely a
Recall the opening vignette to the chapter where, after making love, one behaviorist comments, “That was fi ne for you, how was it for me?” This joke is most descriptive of which school of
Ava tells her friend Trish that she believes that her husband kept yawning during their anniversary dinner because he was subconsciously trying to punish her for having become pregnant. Trish tells
Although Roberta just sits there throughout the lecture, she can afterward repeat everything the professor said. This is an example of ______________________ learning, which illustrates the
“Babies know nothing,” Kristie pronounced when her sister commented on how intelligent her new baby seemed to be. Kristie obviously believes that the mind of a newborn is a ___________________
“My cat never gets lost. It’s like she has a blueprint in her mind of the exact layout of the entire town.” This statement fi ts best with (name the behaviorist) ___________’s brand of
The law of ___________________ holds that simpler explanations are usually preferable explanations.
When Anastasia once visited London, it rained every day for a week. As a result, whenever she is trapped in a rainstorm, it reminds her of her trip to London. Among the four laws of association, this
Hull’s theory is a (molar/molecular) ___________________ type of theory, whereas Tolman’s theory is a ___________________ type.
In trying to understand her feelings for Juan, Alisha pays close attention to the sensations she feels each time she sees him. This is an example of the method of _____________________. This was a
After struggling unsuccessfully to completely eliminate his test anxiety, Andres fi nally accepts that there are some aspects of himself that he can control and some that he cannot. This conclusion
Jordan once became terribly ill while visiting Chicago. As a result, whenever he visits Chicago, he thinks of the illness he suffered at that time.Among the four laws of association, this is best
When Janelle fi rst saw a video of the pop singer Britney Spears, she immediately thought of Paula Abdul because the two performers seemed to have a common style of performance. Among the four laws
Deanna often gets lost when she drives around the city that she lives in.Tolman might say that she has a faulty _______________.
When Tara saw the lush green lawn, it reminded her of just how dry the lawn had been the previous year. Among the four laws of association, this is best described as an example of the law of
What is the distinction between radical behaviorism, behavior analysis, and applied behavior analysis?
Why was Skinner cautious about placing too much emphasis on genetic factors in behavior?
In what way was Skinner more similar to Tolman than to Watson and Hull?
Describe Skinner’s radical behaviorism. How does his approach to determinism differ from that of Bandura’s?
Describe Bandura’s social learning theory and his concept of reciprocal determinism.
Describe Tolman’s cognitive behaviorism.
Describe Hull’s neobehaviorism.
Describe Watson’s methodological behaviorism. How did Watson’s position on the nature–nurture debate change over time?
Defi ne the law of parsimony and Morgan’s Canon.
Describe Darwin’s principle of natural selection. What are the three main components of the principle of natural selection?
Describe the functionalist approach to psychology. Where did functionalists stand on the issue of animal experimentation, and what was their reasoning behind this?
Describe the structuralist approach to psychology. Name and defi ne the basic method by which the structuralists gathered data.
How did the British empiricists view the acquisition of knowledge and the composition of the conscious mind?
Outline Descartes’ dualistic model of human behavior.
Name and briefl y describe the four laws of association.
Describe the nativist versus empiricist approaches to knowledge.
Name and briefl y describe the two fundamental forms of learning emphasized in this textbook.
The technology that has grown out of that science is known as _______________ ______________ _____________.
The science that grew out of that philosophy is called the e______________ a________ of behavior or, more briefl y, ______________ _______________.
Skinner’s philosophy of behaviorism (meaning the set of basic assumptions for how best to conduct a science of behavior) is called _________________ behaviorism.
On a practical level, Skinner believed that genetic explanations for behavior tend to be (optimistic/pessimistic) _______________ about the possibility of change.
Skinner believed that the processes of e________________ and operant conditioning were quite similar in that both involved selecting what was benefi cial from what was not benefi cial.
Although he emphasized the role of the environment, Skinner also believed that behavior was fundamentally the result of the interaction of g_______ and the environment. He was in fact quite
The Tolmanian rat runs through the maze because it e____________ that doing so will result in food; the Skinnerian rat runs through the maze because, in its p_________ experience, doing so resulted
For Skinner, an S-R interpretation can best be applied to behavior that is r___________ and can be _______________ conditioned. It cannot be applied to _____________ behavior that is under the
Skinner is most similar to (Hull/Watson/Tolman) _________ in arguing that behavior is best viewed from a m______________ perspective.
Altering the environment so as to control our own behavior is referred to as c______________________. However, even this type of behavior is ultimately the result of some type of e_______________
Saying that you are feeling “happy” to explain why you are always smiling and laughing is, from Skinner’s perspective, an example of using feelings as a ps______ explanation for your behavior.
Yet another issue with respect to using internal events to explain behavior is that we (can/cannot) __________ directly change such events.
In determining the relationship of thoughts and feelings to behavior, it is sometimes diffi cult to know if the internal event pr___________, f____________, or occurs pa___________ to the behavior.
In teaching children to label their thoughts and feelings, parents fi rst have to make inf__________ about what the child is feeling.
Skinner views thoughts and feelings as pr________________ behaviors that themselves need to be explained.
Skinner’s _____________ behaviorism views both internal and external behaviors as resulting from e________________ infl uences.
Bandura’s work has influenced the development of a type of therapy known as _______________-_______________ therapy, in which an attempt is made to change behavior by altering both environmental
The concept of _____________ _______________ proposes that three variables:e_______________, b_______________, and p_____________ variables, all interact with each other.
Bandura’s ______________ ______________ theory emphasizes the importance of o_________________ learning and c_____________ variables.
The modern-day study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals is known as a_______________ c_____________ or com______________ c_____________.
Tolman believed that introspectively observed thoughts and feelings are (useless/useful) _____________ in the analysis of behavior. As well, almost all of Tolman’s research was conducted using
The experiment by Tolman and Honzik (1930) has traditionally been regarded as a demonstration of ___________________________ learning, in which learning appears to take place in the absence of any
A __________ ___________ is an internal representation of one’s surroundings.
Tolman’s approach is known as _______________ behaviorism because it utilizes mentalistic concepts, such as “expectations,” to explain behavior. This approach is also sometimes called
Hull’s theory was a pure ___-___ theory in that it assumed that the process of learning involves the creation of connections between specifi c s___________ and specifi c r________________.
Such internal events are called i____________ variables in that they are presumed to m_____________ between the environment and behavior.
In Hull’s approach, the internal events he included were of hypothetical ph__________ processes.
Hull believed that it might be useful to incorporate internal events into one’s theorizing so long as they can be op_______________ by defi ning them in such a way that they can be measured.
In his later theorizing, Watson proposed that humans inherit (many/a few) __________ basic refl exes, along with three basic emotions: ______________, _____________, and ________________.
In his 1913 article on behaviorism, Watson emphasized the role of both h________ and e_________________ in the development of human behavior. In his later theorizing, however, he downplayed the role
Watson’s brand of behaviorism is a(n) ____-____ theory in that it hypothesizes that learning involves the formation of a direct connection between a st___________ and a r______________.
Watson believed that all reference to ______________ events should be eliminated from the study of behavior.
According to this type of behaviorism, psychologists should study only those behaviors that can be _____________ ________________.
Watson’s brand of behaviorism is often referred to as ____________ behaviorism.
One version of the above law, known as ____________ ___________, holds that it is preferable to interpret animal behavior in terms of lower, more primitive processes, such as refl ex or habit, than
According to the law of p_____________, the (simpler/more complex) ___________ explanation is generally the preferable explanation.
Watson argued that psychology needed to become a n_________ science (like biology, chemistry, and physics) based solely on the study of directly ob________ events.
The notion that the proper subject matter of psychology should be the study of consciousness was so strong that even those who studied ___________ behavior felt compelled to make inferences about
A basic problem with relying on someone’s report about his or her thoughts and feelings is that we are making a(n) _____________ that the report is accurate.This term is defi ned in the footnote as
Watson noted that a major problem with the method of _____________ was that the results obtained were often unreliable.
Evolutionary theory illustrates that the n_________–n__________ debate is overly simplistic because the way that we learn is itself an ______________ trait.
The real driving force behind evolution is not survival of the fi ttest, but rather the r____________ advantage held by those individuals who possess adaptive traits.
To say that a trait is h____________ means that it has a genetic basis and can be inherited by offspring.
The three main components to the theory of natural selection are a.b.c.
A trait that has evolved through n____________ s______________ is called an ev______________ ad____________.
William James was a (functionalist/structuralist) ______________, and Edward Titchener was a ______________.
The functionalists were similar to the structuralists in that they still emphasized the study of c______________ experience. In doing so they often used the method of i_____________.
The functionalist approach was strongly infl uenced by Darwin’s theory of ________.As such, these psychologists viewed animal research as (relevant/irrelevant)_________________ to the study of
Psychologists who adopted the (functionalist/structuralist) ______________ approach to psychology emphasized the adaptive processes of the mind and were thus very interested in the study of learning.
The (functionalist/structuralist) __________________ approach held that the goal of psychology should be to identify the basic elements of the mind. The primary research method used for accomplishing
They also perceived that the mind is composed of a fi nite set of basic ____________ that are then combined through the principles of _____________ to form our conscious experiences.
The British _______________, such as John _____________, maintained that knowledge was largely a function of experience and that the mind of a newborn infant is a(in Latin) t _________ r________
Descartes’ dualistic model proposed that human behavior has two aspects: an inv____________ aspect that functions like a machine and a v___________ aspect governed by f_______ w_______. By

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