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business
business statistics in practice

Questions and Answers of Business Statistics In Practice

Wording bias Comment on each of the following as a potential sample survey question. Is the question clear? Is it slanted toward a desired response?(a) “Some cell phone users have developed brain
Checking for bias Comment on each of the following as a potential sample survey question. Is the question clear? Is it slanted toward a desired response?(a) Which of the following best represents
The Web portal AOL places opinion poll questions next to many of its news stories. Simply click your response to join the sample. One of the questions in January 2008 was “Do you plan to diet this
To gather information about the validity of a new standardized test for tenth-grade students in a particular state, a random sample of 15 high schools was selected from the state. The new test was
Your statistics class has 30 students. You want to call an SRS of 5 students from your class to ask where they use a computer for the online quizzes. You label the students 01, 02, . . . , 30. You
Suppose that 35% of the registered voters in a state are registered as Republicans, 40% as Democrats, and 25% as Independents. A newspaper wants to select a sample of 1000 registered voters to
A local news agency conducted a survey about unemployment by randomly dialing phone numbers until they had gathered responses from 1000 adults in their state. In the survey, 19% of those who
A simple random sample of 1200 adult Americans is selected, and each person is asked the following question: “In light of the huge national deficit, should the government at this time spend
Sleep debt (3.2) A researcher reported that the typical teenager needs 9.3 hours of sleep per night but gets only 6.3 hours.18 By the end of a 5-day school week, a teenager would accumulate about 15
Internet charges (2.1) Some Internet service providers(ISPs) charge companies based on how much bandwidth they use in a month. One method that ISPs use for calculating bandwidth is to find the 95th
Distinguish between an observational study and an experiment.
Explain the concept of confounding and how it limits the ability to make cause-and-effect conclusions.
Identify the experimental units, explanatory and response variables, and treatments in an experiment.
Explain the purpose of comparison, random assignment, control, and replication in an experiment.
Describe a completely randomized design for an experiment, including how to randomly assign treatments using slips of paper, technology, or a table of random digits.
Describe the placebo effect and the purpose of blinding in an experiment.
Interpret the meaning of statistically significant in the context of an experiment.
Explain the purpose of blocking in an experiment.Describe a randomized block design or a matched pairs design for an experiment.
Does Taking Hormones Reduce Heart Attack Risk after Menopause?
Learning biology with computers An educator wants to compare the effectiveness of computer software for teaching biology with that of a textbook presentation.She gives a biology pretest to each of a
Cell phones and brain cancer One study of cell phones and the risk of brain cancer looked at a group of 469 people who have brain cancer. The investigators matched each cancer patient with a person
Chocolate and happy babies A University of Helsinki(Finland) study wanted to determine if chocolate consumption during pregnancy had an effect on infant temperament at age 6 months. Researchers began
Child care and aggression A study of child care enrolled 1364 infants and followed them through their sixth year in school. Later, the researchers published an article in which they stated that
Effects of class size Do smaller classes in elementary school really benefit students in areas such as scores on standardized tests, staying in school, and going on to college? We might do an
Effects of binge drinking A common definition of“binge drinking” is 5 or more drinks at one sitting for men and 4 or more for women. An observational study finds that students who binge drink
Growing in the shade Ability to grow in shade may help pines found in the dry forests of Arizona to resist drought. How well do these pines grow in shade? Investigators planted pine seedlings in a
Internet telephone calls You can use Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) to make long-distance calls over the Internet. One of the most popular VoIP services is Skype. How will the appearance of ads
Improving response rate How can we reduce the rate of refusals in telephone surveys? Most people who answer at all listen to the interviewer’s introductory remarks and then decide whether to
Eat well and exercise Most American adolescents don’t eat well and don’t exercise enough. Can middle schools increase physical activity among their students? Can they persuade students to eat
Fabric science A maker of fabric for clothing is setting up a new line to “finish” the raw fabric. The line will use either metal rollers or natural-bristle rollers to raise the surface of the
Exercise and heart rate A student project measured the increase in the heart rates of fellow students when they stepped up and down for 3 minutes to the beat of a metronome. The step was either 5.75
Cocoa and blood flow A study conducted by Norman Hollenberg, professor of medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, involved 27 healthy people aged 18 to 72. Each subject
Reducing unemployment Will cash bonuses speed the return to work of unemployed people? A state department of labor notes that last year 68% of people who filed claims for unemployment insurance found
Layoffs and “survivor guilt” Workers who survive a layoff of other employees at their location may suffer from “survivor guilt.” A study of survivor guilt and its effects used as subjects 120
Effects of TV advertising Figure 4.2 (page 239) displays the 6 treatments for a two-factor experiment on TV advertising. Suppose we have 150 students who are willing to serve as subjects. Describe
Stronger players A football coach hears that a new exercise program will increase upper-body strength better than lifting weights. He is eager to test this new program in the off-season with the
Killing weeds A biologist would like to determine which of two brands of weed killer, X or Y, is less likely to harm the plants in a garden at the university.Before spraying near the plants, the
Do diets work? Dr. Linda Stern and her colleagues recruited 132 obese adults at the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Pennsylvania.Half the participants were randomly assigned to a
The effects of day care Does day care help low-income children stay in school and hold good jobs later in life? The Carolina Abecedarian Project (the name suggests the ABCs) has followed a group of
Headache relief Doctors identify “chronic tensiontype headaches” as headaches that occur almost daily for at least six months. Can antidepressant medications or stress management training reduce
More rain for California? The changing climate will probably bring more rain to California, but we don’t know whether the additional rain will come during the winter wet season or extend into the
Treating prostate disease A large study used records from Canada’s national health care system to compare the effectiveness of two ways to treat prostate disease. The two treatments are traditional
Getting teachers to come to school Elementary schools in rural India are usually small, with a single teacher. The teachers often fail to show up for work.Here is an idea for improving attendance:
Do placebos really work? Researchers in Japan conducted an experiment on 13 individuals who were extremely allergic to poison ivy. On one arm, each subject was rubbed with a poison ivy leaf and told
Pain relief study Fizz Laboratories, a pharmaceutical company, has developed a new drug for relieving chronic pain. Sixty patients suffering from arthritis and needing pain relief are available. Each
Meditation for anxiety An experiment that claimed to show that meditation lowers anxiety proceeded as follows. The experimenter interviewed the subjects and rated their level of anxiety. Then the
Testosterone for older men As men age, their testosterone levels gradually decrease. This may cause a reduction in lean body mass, an increase in fat, and other undesirable changes. Do testosterone
Do diets work? Refer to Exercise 63. Subjects in the low-carb diet group lost significantly more weight than subjects in the low-fat diet group during the first six months. At the end of a year,
Acupuncture and pregnancy A study sought to determine whether the ancient Chinese art of acupuncture could help infertile women become pregnant.43 One hundred sixty healthy women undergoing assisted
Doctors and nurses Nurse-practitioners are nurses with advanced qualifications who often act much like primary-care physicians. Are they as effective as doctors at treating patients with chronic
Comparing cancer treatments The progress of a type of cancer differs in women and men. Researchers want to design an experiment to compare three therapies for this cancer. They recruit 500 male and
In the cornfield An agriculture researcher wants to compare the yield of 5 corn varieties: A, B, C, D, and E. The field in which the experiment will be carried out increases in fertility from north
Comparing weight-loss treatments Twenty overweight females have agreed to participate in a study of the effectiveness of four weight-loss treatments:A, B, C, and D. The researcher first calculates
Aw, rats! A nutrition experimenter intends to compare the weight gain of newly weaned male rats fed Diet A with that of rats fed Diet B. To do this, she will feed each diet to 10 rats. She has
Technology for teaching statistics The Brigham Young University (BYU) statistics department is performing experiments to compare teaching methods.Response variables include students’ final-exam
Chocolate gets my heart pumping Cardiologists at Athens Medical School in Greece wanted to test whether chocolate affected blood flow in the blood vessels.The researchers recruited 17 healthy young
Room temperature and dexterity An expert on worker performance is interested in the effect of room temperature on the performance of tasks requiring manual dexterity. She chooses temperatures of
Carbon dioxide and tree growth The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is increasing rapidly due to our use of fossil fuels. Because plants use CO2 to fuel photosynthesis, more
Got deodorant? A group of students wants to perform an experiment to determine whether Brand A or Brand B deodorant lasts longer. One group member suggests the following design: Recruit 40 student
Can changing diet reduce high blood pressure? Vegetarian diets and low-salt diets are both promising.Men with high blood pressure are assigned at random to four diets: (1) normal diet with
A farmer is conducting an experiment to determine which variety of apple tree, Fuji or Gala, will produce more fruit in his orchard. The orchard is divided into 20 equally sized square plots. He has
Two essential features of all statistically designed experiments are(a) compare several treatments; use the double-blind method.(b) compare several treatments; use chance to assign subjects to
Seed weights (2.2) Biological measurements on the same species often follow a Normal distribution quite closely. The weights of seeds of a variety of winged bean are approximately Normal with mean
Twins (1.3, 3.1) A researcher studied a group of identical twins who had been separated and adopted at birth. In each case, one twin (Twin A) was adopted by a low-income family and the other (Twin B)
Describe the scope of inference that is appropriate in a statistical study.
Evaluate whether a statistical study has been carried out in an ethical manner.*
Does Smoking Cause Lung Cancer?
Random sampling versus random assignment Explain the difference between the types of inference that can be made as a result of random sampling and random assignment.
Observation versus experimentation Explain the difference between the types of inference than can usually be made from an observational study and an experiment.
Foster care versus orphanages Do abandoned children placed in foster homes do better than similar children placed in an institution? The Bucharest Early Intervention Project found that the answer is
Frozen batteries Will storing batteries in a freezer make them last longer? To find out, a company that produces batteries takes a random sample of 100 AA batteries from its warehouse. The company
Who talks more—women or men? According to Louann Brizendine, author of The Female Brain, women say nearly three times as many words per day as men. Skeptical researchers devised a study to test
Attend church, live longer? One of the better studies of the effect of regular attendance at religious services gathered data from a random sample of 3617 adults.The researchers then measured lots of
Daytime running lights Canada and the European Union require that cars be equipped with “daytime running lights,” headlights that automatically come on at a low level when the car is started.
Studying frustration A psychologist wants to study the effects of failure and frustration on the relationships among members of a work team. She forms a team of students, brings them to the
Who reviews? Government regulations require that institutional review boards consist of at least five people, including at least one scientist, one nonscientist, and one person from outside the
No consent needed? In which of the circumstances below would you allow collecting personal information without the subjects’ consent?(a) A government agency takes a random sample of income tax
Surveys of youth A survey asked teenagers whether they had ever consumed an alcoholic beverage.Those who said “Yes” were then asked, “How old were you when you first consumed an alcoholic
Anonymous? Confidential? One of the most important nongovernment surveys in the United States is the National Opinion Research Center’s General Social Survey. The GSS regularly monitors public
Anonymous? Confidential? Texas A&M, like many universities, offers screening for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Students may choose either anonymous or confidential screening. An announcement
The Willowbrook hepatitis studies In the 1960s, children entering the Willowbrook State School, an institution for the intellectually disabled on Staten Island in New York, were deliberately infected
Unequal benefits Researchers on aging proposed to investigate the effect of supplemental health services on the quality of life of older people. Eligible patients on the rolls of a large medical
Animal testing (1.1) “It is right to use animals for medical testing if it might save human lives.” The General Social Survey asked 1152 adults to react to this statement. Here is the two-way
Initial public offerings (1.3) The business magazine Forbes reports that 4567 companies sold their first stock to the public between 1990 and 2000. The mean change in the stock price of these
Ontario Health Survey The Ministry of Health in the province of Ontario, Canada, wants to know whether the national health care system is achieving its goals in the province. Much information about
Bad sampling A large high school wants to gather student opinion about parking for students on campus.It isn’t practical to contact all students.(a) Give an example of a way to choose a voluntary
Drug testing A baseball team regularly conducts random drug tests on its players. The 25 members of the team are listed below.Agarwal Chen Healy Moser Roberts Andrews Frank Hixson Musselman Shen Baer
Polling the faculty A researcher wants to study the attitudes of college faculty members about the work habits of entering freshmen. These attitudes appear to differ depending on the type of
Been to the movies? An opinion poll calls 2000 ran domly chosen residential telephone numbers, then asks to speak with an adult member of the household. The interviewer asks, “How many movies have
Are anesthetics safe? The National Halothane Study was a major investigation of the safety of anesthetics used in surgery. Records of over 850,000 operations performed in 34 major hospitals showed
fries. Potatoes are kept refrigerated before being cut for french fries to prevent spoiling and preserve flavor. But immediate processing of cold potatoes causes discoloring due to complex chemical
Don’t catch a cold! A recent study of 1000 students at the University of Michigan investigated how to prevent catching the common cold. The students were randomly assigned to three different cold
An herb for depression? Does the herb Saint-John’s-wort relieve major depression? Here is an excerpt from the report of a study of this issue:“Design: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled
How long did I work? A psychologist wants to know if the difficulty of a task influences our estimate of how long we spend working at it. She designs two sets of mazes that subjects can work through
Deceiving subjects Students sign up to be subjects in a psychology experiment. When they arrive, they are told that interviews are running late and are taken to a waiting room. The experimenters then
When we take a census, we attempt to collect data from(a) a stratified random sample.(b) every individual chosen in a simple random sample.(c) every individual in the population.(d) a voluntary
You want to take a simple random sample (SRS) of 50 of the 816 students who live in a dormitory on campus. You label the students 001 to 816 in alphabetical order. In the table of random digits, you
A study of treatments for angina (pain due to low blood supply to the heart) compared bypass surgery, angioplasty, and use of drugs. The study looked at the medical records of thousands of angina
Tonya wanted to estimate the average amount of time that students at her school spend on Facebook each day. She gets an alphabetical roster of students in the school from the registrar’s office and
Consider an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of different insecticides in controlling pests and their impact on the productivity of tomato plants.What is the best reason for randomly

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