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Questions and Answers of Business Statistics

From the data in Table 14.11 what proportion of subjects in the exposed (current or ex‐smoker)group died from any cause in the 20‐year follow‐up?A. 0.162 B. 0.292 C. 0.319 D. 0.681 E.
From the data in Table 14.11 what is the risk of dying from any cause in the 20‐year follow‐up in the unexposed (non‐smoker) group?A. 0.162 B. 0.292 C. 0.319 D. 0.681 E. 0.838 Table 14.11 Died
From the data in Table 14.11 what is the absolute risk difference (difference in proportions) for dying from any cause in the 20‐year follow‐up between current or ex‐smokers and
From the data in Table 14.11 what is the relative risk for dying for current or ex‐smokers compared to non‐smokers?A. 0.41 B. 0.51 C. 1.97 D. 2.03 E. 2.43 Table 14.11 Died from any cause Current
Using the data in Table 14.11 calculate the 95% confidence interval for the relative risk for dying for current or ex‐smokers compared to non‐smokers?A. 0.61 to 0.74 B. 0.74 to 1.86 C. 1.17 to
Using the data in Table 14.12 what is the odds ratio for lung cancer cases compared to controls for being a smoker?A. 0.34 B. 1.05 C. 2.97 D. 11.02 E. 32.76Table 14.12 Smoking status Cases Controls
Using the data in Table 14.12 calculate the 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio for lung cancer cases compared to control for being a smoker?A. 0.64 to 1.54 B. 0.68 to 1.66 C. 1.79 to 4.95 D.
From the data on Table 14.13; what is the odds ratio for cases compared to controls for any abuse (verbal or emotional, physical, sexual) before age 19?A. 0.18 B. 0.45 C. 2.21 D. 3.23 E. 5.70Table
Using the data in Table 14.13 calculate the value of McNemar's test statistic without continuity correction for investigating the association between an ACE and bilateral oophorectomy.A. 0.18 B. 1.30
Using the data in Table 14.13 calculate the 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio for cases compared to controls for any abuse (verbal or emotional, physical, sexual) before age 19?A. 1.00 to
The Allen et al. (2017) trial planned to randomly allocate 200 adult smokers with a current or lifetime unipolar mood and/or anxiety disorder to receive either UN cigarettes or RN cigarettes with the
Berkowitz et al. (2018) conducted a trial of a home delivery of 10 meals per week for 12 weeks against usual diet and a healthy eating brochure. With reference to this cross‐over trial which of the
With reference to the REPOSE trial (2017) of Section 15.6 which of the following statements, if any, are true A. The subjects were blind to treatment.B. The subjects were randomised individually to
When calculating the required sample size for a two‐group superiority RCT with a continuous outcome which of ONE of the following pieces of information is NOT required?A. The probability of a Type
Which ONE of the following statements about how the required sample size for a study changes is INCORRECT?A. Goes up with a smaller Type I error.B. Goes up with smaller Type II error.C. Goes up with
Which ONE of the following statements about the Type I error is INCORRECT?A. The Type I error is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.B. The Type I error is the
Which ONE of the following statements about the Type II error is INCORRECT?A. The Type II error is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.B. The Type II error is the
When calculating the required sample size for a two‐group superiority RCT with a binary outcome which of ONE of the following pieces of information is NOT required?A. The probability of a Type I
Which ONE of the following statements about the SES ΔPlan used in the sample size formula for continuous data is INCORRECT?A. ΔPlan is calculated as the difference in means divided by the standard
The SES for the sample size calculation is:A. 0.20 B. 0.30 C. 0.33 D. 0.35 E. 0.40
Work out how many patients (in total in both groups combined) need to be recruited to the‘Quickheal’ trial with a 5% (two‐sided) significance level and a power of 80%?A. 100 B. 193 C. 132 D.
How many patients in each group would need to be recruited to the ‘Quickheal’ trial with a 5%(two‐sided) significance level and a power of 90%?A. 100 B. 193 C. 132 D. 200 E. 264
Suppose the effect of the new dressing on ulcer healing will be considered important if it increases the number of ulcer‐free weeks, at one‐year post‐randomisation, by at least 10 weeks. The
Suppose the primary outcome for the study is changed to a binary outcome of whether or not the ulcer had healed at three month post‐randomisation. Published data on ulcer healing rates in this
Use the appropriate sample size formula to work out how many patients in each group need to be recruited to such a trial with a 5% (two‐sided) significance level and a power of 90%?A. 291 B. 389 C.
Which if any of the following statements about types and patterns of missing data IS CORRECT?A. Data is MCAR when the probability of a response at time t is independent of both the previously
Which if any of the following statements about the analysis of missing data IS CORRECT?A. We cannot test whether or not the data are MNAR B. Complete case analyses assumes the missing outcome data
Which if any of the following is not a method of imputing missing data?A. Multiple imputation B. One at a time imputation C. Hot deck imputation D. Mean imputation E. Last observation carried forward
Which if any of the following statements about the bootstrap method is INCORRECT?A. The bootstrap method involves repeatedly drawing random samples from the original data B. The bootstrap method
Which if any of the following IS NOT a recognised method of estimating bootstrap confidence intervals?A. Percentile B. Bias corrected and accelerated C. Bias corrected D. Normal E. Jackknife
From the data in Table 18.3 calculate XXXX, the missing RR for Study 4.A. 0.81 B. 0.89 C. 1.05 D. 1.78 E. 2.34Table 18.3 MI No treatment 95% CI Study n N n N Weight RR Lower Upper 1 3 284 31 4.2 0.83
What are the degrees of freedom (labelled YYYY in Table 18.3) for the chi‐squared test of heterogeneity?A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5Table 18.3 MI No treatment 95% CI Study n N n N Weight RR Lower Upper
Table 18.3 reports that the P‐value for the test for heterogeneity is P = 0.54.Which, if any, of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The result is statistically significant.B. The probability of
Table 18.3 reports that the P‐value for the test for overall effect is P = 0.24.Which, if any, of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The result is not statistically significant.B. The
Table 18.3 reports that the overall or pooled 95% CI for the RR across the four trials for stopping smoking in the MI group compared to the no treatment control group is 0.63 to 1.12.Which, if any,
What type of graph is Figure 2.11?A. Bar chart B. Pie chart C. Histogram D. Scatterplot E. Dot plotFigure 2.11 Percent 70% 60% Randomised Group Scalpel (n = 101) Corn Plaster (n = 100) 50% 40%
What type of data in Figure 2.11 is anatomical site of foot corn?A. Discrete B. Nominal C. Binary D. Ordinal E. ContinuousFigure 2.11 Percent 70% 60% Randomised Group Scalpel (n = 101) Corn
Using the data shown in Figure 2.11 which anatomical site of the corn on the foot was the least frequently reported patients in the corn plaster group?The least frequently reported anatomical site of
Using the data shown in Figure 2.11, approximately how many patients in the scalpel treated group had corn on the proximal interphalangeal joint (middle part of toe on the top)?The approximate number
Using the data shown in Figure 2.11, what approximate percentage of the sample of patients in the corn plaster treated group had a corn on the metatarsal head (ball of the foot at the bottom)?The
The mean corn size (in mm) for this sample of 10 patients is:A. 1.0 B. 2.0 C. 3.0 D. 4.0 E. 4.4
The median corn size (in mm) for this sample of 10 patients is:A. 1.0 B. 2.0 C. 3.0 D. 4.0 E. 4.4
The modal corn size (in mm) for this sample of 10 patients is:A. 1.0 B. 2.0 C. 3.0 D. 4.0 E. 4.4
The range of corn sizes (in mm) for this sample of 10 patients is:A. 1 to 10 B. 2 to 5 C. 2 to 10 D. 3 to 11 E. 3 to 12
The interquartile range (IQR) corn size (in mm) for this sample of 10 patients is:A. 2 to 10 B. 2 to 7 C. 2 to 5 D. 3 to 7 E. 3 to 10
The variance in corn size (in mm2) for this sample of 10 patients is:A. 0.8 B. 2.5 C. 3.5 D. 4.4 E. 6.5
The standard deviation corn size (in mm) for this sample of 10 patients is:A. 0.8 B. 2.5 C. 3.5 D. 4.4 E. 6.5
What proportion of patients in the Band‐aid group had a completely healed leg ulcer at 12 months?A. 0.30 B. 0.40 C. 0.60 D. 0.65 E. 0.70
What proportion of patients had a completely healed leg ulcer at 12 months in the control group?A. 0.30 B. 0.40 C. 0.60 D. 0.65 E. 0.70
What is the difference in response (leg ulcer healing rates at 12 months) between the Band‐aid and control groups?A. −0.10 B. −0.05 C. 0.00 D. 0.05 E. 0.10
Calculate the number of people needed to be treated with Bandaid dressing in order for an additional person to have a completely healed leg ulcer at 12 months compared to people usual care?A. 6 B. 7
What is the relative risk for the leg ulcer healing at 12 months in the Band‐aid group compared to the control group?A. 0.64 B. 0.86 C. 1.17 D. 1.56 E. 2.33
What is the relative risk for the leg ulcer healing at 12 months in the control group compared to the Band‐aid group?A. 0.64 B. 0.86 C. 1.17 D. 1.56 E. 2.33
What are the odds for the leg ulcer healing at 12 months in the Band‐aid group?A. 0.64 B. 0.86 C. 1.50 D. 1.56 E. 2.33
What are the odds for the leg ulcer healing at 12 months in the control group?A. 0.64 B. 0.86 C. 1.50 D. 1.56 E. 2.33
Calculate the odds ratio for the leg ulcer healing at 12 months in the Band‐aid group compared to the control group?A. 0.64 B. 0.86 C. 1.17 D. 1.56 E. 2.33
Calculate the odds ratio for the leg ulcer healing at 12 months in the control group compared to the band‐aid group?A. 0.64 B. 0.86 C. 1.17 D. 1.56 E. 2.33
Which ONE of the following statements about probability is INCORRECT?A. If two binary outcomes (X and Y) are mutually exclusive the probability that either X or Y occurs is the sum of the probability
Suppose we toss a single unbiased two‐sided coin three times in a row and record the number of heads. What is the probability of observing a head on three successive tosses?A. 0.500 B. 0.250 C.
Suppose we roll a 10‐sided die (numbered 1 to 10) once.What is the probability of observing a score of 6 or more on this roll?A. 0.4 B. 0.5 C. 0.6 D. 0.7 E. 0.08
Which ONE of the following statements about the Normal distribution is INCORRECT?A. The Normal distribution is symmetrical.B. The peak of the curve lies above the mean.C. The total area under the
Which (if any) of the following statements about the Normal distribution is CORRECT?A. Approximately 1% of the observations from a Normal distribution lie outside the mean ± 2SD.B. Approximately 2%
Which (if any) of the following statements about the Normal distribution is CORRECT?A. Approximately 1% of the observations from a Normal distribution lie outside the mean ± 1SD.B. Approximately 5%
The systolic blood pressure in the population of middle‐aged people is Normally distributed with a mean of 140 mmHg and a standard deviation of 10.i. What is the approximate probability of having a
The birthweight of babies in the population is Normally distributed with a mean of 3.5 kg and a standard deviation of 0.5 kg.i. What is the probability of giving birth to a baby weighing more than
Which (if any) of the following statements about the standard error is CORRECT?A. The standard error (of the mean) is a measure of the precision of the sample estimate of the mean.B. If we take
The mean birthweight of a sample of 100 babies is 3500 g with a standard deviation of 500 g. The standard error of the mean birthweight is:A. 25 g B. 50 g C. 100 g D. 500 g E. 3500 g
The mean birthweight of a sample of 25 babies is 3500 g with a standard deviation of 500 g. The standard error of the mean birthweight is:A. 25 g B. 50 g C. 100 g D. 500 g E. 3500 g
Which (if any) of the following statements about a 95% confidence interval for a mean is CORRECT?A. The 95% confidence interval will include the true population mean.B. The 95% confidence interval
The mean birthweight of sample of 100 babies is 3500 g with a standard deviation of 500 g. Thus an approximate 95% confidence interval for the mean birthweight is:A. 3000 to 4000 g B. 3100 to 3900 g
The mean birthweight of sample of 25 babies is 3500 g with a standard deviation of 500 g. Thus an approximate 95% confidence interval for the mean birthweight is:A. 3000 to 4000 g B. 3100 to 3900 g
Table 5.5 reports that the 95% confidence interval for the comparison of mean corn size at 12 months between the corn plaster and scalpel groups is: −1.7 to −0.2 mm.Which (if any) of the
Table 5.5 reports that the 95% confidence interval for the comparison of mean corn size at six months between the corn plaster and scalpel groups is: −1.2 to −0.2 mm.Which (if any) of the
The PREeMPt study (Keen et al. 2018) aimed to investigate whether or not is was feasible to conduct a randomised controlled trial of pretransplant exercise (prehabilitation) in patients with multiple
The PreEMPt study consented and recruited 23 participants in 13 months of recruitment at a single centre, a recruitment rate of 1.8 participants per month.The 95% confidence interval for the monthly
One of the secondary aims of the PreEMPt study was to assess the safety of the prehabilitation exercise programme. A serious adverse event was defined as any adverse event or adverse reaction that

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