13. Read carefully the following extract from an article by Roger Eglin in The Observer in 1972, and then attempt the questions below it:

Anyone who believes the North Sea is a huge find in world terms ought to bear in mind that so far recoverable reserves of some four million barrels of oil have been proved against 270 billion barrels in the Middle East.

No amount of worrying can gloss over the fact that for the next twenty years or more the world as a whole will be hugely dependent on the Middle East and Africa for its fuel.

Europe alone will rely on imported oil for 60% of its fuel needs. By 1985, the United States Department of the Interior forecasts that America will be importing 44% of her oil requirements. Much of this will have to come from the Middle East; in 1985 America may have to draw from the Middle East as much crude oil as that region produces today. To add to American fears, domestic oil production fell last year for the first time in history.

For Britain, the picture is more optimistic. In 1970, out of the total energy consumption, coal accounted for 43%, oil for 48%, natural gas for 6%, hydro-electricity for 0.5% and nuclear power for 2.5%.

By 1980, British total energy consumption will probably be up to 209 million metric tons at present; and oil, with 54% of the total, will be playing a still bigger role. Nuclear power will have tripled its share to 7.5%; hydro-electricity will be much the same, and coal will be down to 17%. Natural gas will have improved most, with a 22% share of the market.
In national strategic terms, the reality behind these figures is that during 1970-1980 Britain's fuel imports will be declining- despite the anticipated growth in consumption.

(a) You have been asked to prepare two large wallcharts to show very clearly the comparative importance of coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric power and nuclear energy for the British economy in 1972 and 1980 respectively. Using the data in the extract, sketch out the two charts in sufficient detail for a firm's poster department to prepare full-size wallcharts.
You may use any method you consider appropriate. Supply any instructions, captions and other necessary details.

(b) State briefly the predicted pattern for American and British fuel imports during the next ten or fifteen years.

(c) What do you understand by 'four billion'? Is there any chance of ambiguity in this phrase?

(d) Name one or two Middle East nations.

(e) In the second paragraph of the extract the word 'dependent' occurs.
When would you use the word 'dependent'?
(LCC Private Secretary's Certificate)