Questions and Answers of Management Communication

4. How would you rate your own ability to detect deception? With whom do you have the strongest truth bias?
4. Conduct an informal survey of your friends and co-workers to see which communication behaviors they rely on the most to detect deception.How much consistency do you fi nd in their answers? Do they
4. Why is deception so diffi cult to detect? Which verbal and nonverbal behaviors are reliable clues that someone is lying?
4. What motives for lying would you add to the list in this section?Whom do you most often notice exaggerating or equivocating?
4. Revisit the list of reasons why people deceive that was presented at the beginning of this section. Select one reason, and then recall a situation when you used deception for that purpose. Write a
4. What are some common reasons why people deceive? How is exaggeration an act of simulation? What is the difference between omission and equivocation?
4. While keeping the deception diary, how did you feel when you caught yourself being deceptive to others? How do you feel when you think others are deceiving you, even if it’s to spare your
4. For two days, keep a journal in which you note every time you are deceptive with another person, no matter how or for what reason. Even deception done in the service of routine politeness should
4. What is deception? Why can’t people lie to themselves? What does it mean to call deception a “social lubricant”?
4. When do you view the exercise of power as positive? Who has referent power over you?
4. Confl icts that seem to be about one thing, such as what to watch on TV, are often really about power, as in who gets to decide what is watched on TV. The next time you’re in confl ict with
4. What is the difference between a symmetrical relationship and a complementary relationship? What are French and Raven’s fi ve forms of power? What is patriarchy? How do cultural messages infl
4. Why might you choose to engage in confl ict indirectly rather than directly? When are you most likely to have confl ict online?
4. The next time you receive an e-mail that’s negative or aggressive, write a response right away, but then save it instead of sending it. Write a second response 24 hours later, and then compare
4. In what ways can confl ict be harmful? In what ways can it be benefi -cial? What are the most common topics of confl ict in marital relationships?How do messages about gender affect us when we
4. With whom do you have confl ict most frequently? Which metaphors for confl ict seem the most accurate to you?
4. For a period of time (say, three to fi ve days), make note of every confl ict you observe, whether it includes you or not. Note what each confl ict was about, who was involved in it, and how (if
4. What are the essential elements of interpersonal confl ict? What does it mean to reframe a confl ict?
4. If you had to come up with a definition of family, what would it be? What family stories do you remember hearing as a child?
4. Recall a family ritual from your childhood or adolescence. What did that ritual reflect about your family’s rules, values, and beliefs? How did it reinforce the strength of your family
4. How do genetic ties, legal obligations, and role behaviors matter to the definition of families? What is the difference between a family of origin and a family of procreation? What are family
4. To what extent do you expect your own romantic relationships to be permanent, or monogamous, or based on love? Has your privacy ever been violated by a romantic partner? If so, how did you feel?
4. Pick a couple who has been together for at least 10 years, and ask the partners (together or separately) how their communication patterns have changed during that time. Ask them what advice they
4. What is relational infidelity? What are the stages of relationship development?How are validating, volatile, and conflict-avoiding couples different?What are the stages of relationship dissolution?
4. In which relationships do you feel you invest the most? When do you experience tensions between autonomy and connectedness, openness and closedness, or predictability and novelty?
4. Write a letter to your romantic partner, one of your parents, or another person with whom you have a close relationship, and express why you feel so committed to that relationship. Even if you
4. What is commitment? What does it mean to be interdependent? How do relational partners invest in each other? What is a dialectical tension?
4. Do you have any friendships that you feel are involuntary? What do you value differently about your same-sex and opposite-sex friendships?
4. Working alone or in a small group, generate a list of what you consider to be the fi ve most important rules for friendships, and rank-order them in terms of their importance. For each rule,
4. What does it mean to say that friendship is voluntary? What is a peer? Which rules are common for friendships in North America? Do people report feeling greater loyalty to same-sex or opposite-sex
4. Do you feel over-benefi ted in any of your relationships?Which relational maintenance behaviors are most important in your social relationships?
4. Choose one of your friendships, and make a point of practicing the fi ve relational maintenance behaviors—positivity, openness, assurances, social networks, and sharing tasks—with that friend
4. What is the difference between physical, social, and task attraction?According to uncertainty reduction theory, how is uncertainty related to liking?According to predicted outcome value theory,
4. How do your friendships benefi t you emotionally, materially, and with respect to your health? In what ways do you provide those types of benefi ts in your social relationships?
4. For a week, record the time, the energy, and other resources your friends give you, as well as those you give your friends. Write a journal entry comparing the resources you received to those you
4. What is the need to belong? In what ways do social relationships reward us? What sorts of costs are associated with maintaining a friendship?
4. In what situations do you intensify or de-intensify your emotional expressions? In what ways does your gender role infl uence your experience and expression of emotion?
4. To identify how gender roles might infl uence the communication of emotion, spend fi ve minutes with a few other classmates brainstorming about which emotions women are encouraged and discouraged
4. How do people from individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ in their expression of negative emotions? What are the fi ve display rules for emotion? What is emotional contagion? How do
4. When do you have diffi culty labeling an emotion you’re feeling?What physical changes do you notice when you experience an intensely positive emotion?
4. The ability to interpret the valence and intensity of emotion displays is important when it comes to interacting with others. Go through some photos in magazines or newspapers that capture
4. What are examples of the physiological, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural dimensions of emotion? What is the difference between an emotion’s valence and its intensity? How do you know if
4. When do you feel contempt or disgust? What experiences cause you fear?
4. Interview a faculty member in your school’s psychology department to learn more about communicating effectively with people who are suffering from either depression or social anxiety disorder.
4. What is an emotion, and how is it different from a mood? How are love and liking different? What’s the difference between jealousy and envy?When do people experience grief?
4. In what ways do you notice information overload in your own life?What topics do you tend to be closed-minded about, if any?
4. For one week, keep a diary of times when you feel that other people haven’t listened to you effectively. For each instance, try to identify the barriers to effective listening. After the week is
4. What constitutes noise? What do people do when they pseudolisten?How does information overload affect listening ability? What does it mean to glaze over? When people have a rebuttal tendency, what
4. When do you have a hard time understanding a speaker? Which type of listening are you the best at?
4. Develop a mnemonic device to help you remember the seven types of listening responses in order from most passive to most active (stonewalling, backchanneling, paraphrasing, empathizing,
4. What are the differences between interpreting a message and responding to it? How are the goals of informational, critical, and empathic listening different?
4. How do you think your own cultural values and experiences infl uence the way you listen?
4. The next time you have a conversation with someone, focus your attention on what she or he is saying rather than on how you’re going to respond.With practice, you can learn to listen more
4. How is listening different from hearing? Approximately how much of a person’s communication time is spent listening? Why isn’t listening a natural, effortless process? How do people in
4. When do you feel uncomfortable communicating with people from other cultures? Why do you think sex differences in communication are so commonly discussed in popular culture?
4. Identify an opportunity at your school or in your community to interact with a group of people whose cultural background is markedly different from yours. Beforehand, learn what you can about the
4. What are the differences between high-contact and low-contact cultures?Why do men’s voices have a lower average pitch than women’s voices?
4. What olfactic associations do you have? Why do you think the halo effect is so powerful?
4. Dress in conservative business attire, and visit a restaurant, a department store, a bank, or some other business. Take note of how quickly you are helped by the employees and how friendly and
4. What are three primary communicative functions of the face? How is eye behavior affected by culture? When is a gesture an emblem? Why is touch the most important sense for survival? Which aspects
4. How accurate do you think you are at interpreting other people’s nonverbal behaviors? Why do you suppose that some people are better at“reading” nonverbal behavior than others?
4. Consider how the tone of one’s voice can infl uence meaning. Take a simple phrase such as “She made me do that.” Say it fi rst as though you’re angry, then surprised, and, fi nally,
4. What determines whether a form of communication is verbal or nonverbal?Why are we more likely to believe nonverbal behaviors than words when the two confl ict? In what ways can nonverbal behavior
4. In what ways is your language use affected by your culture?Where did you learn all the rules associated with your native language?
4. To observe how language evolves, invent a new word or expression.Write out a defi nition for it, and begin using it in everyday conversation with your friends. Take note of how well your word or
4. What does it mean to say that language is symbolic? How is onomatopoeia an exception to the rule that language is arbitrary? How do syntactic rules differ from semantic rules? Describe the
4. When do you commit the fundamental attribution error? With which group(s) of people would you be most likely to make overattributions?
4. For one week, keep a list of all the attributions you give to someone else about something you have done. At the end of the week, go back through your list, and evaluate each attribution for
4. What does it mean to say that attributions vary according to locus, stability, and controllability? How are the self-serving bias, the fundamental attribution error, and overattribution examples
4. What is one inaccurate stereotype that someone might have of you? When are you most likely to make egocentric perceptions of others?
4. Watch the movie Crash (2004), which highlights numerous cultural stereotypes. In a written report, identify as many stereotyped beliefs as you can from the movie, and briefl y describe the ways in
4. What are the three stages of stereotyping? How are the primacy and recency effects related? How does a perceptual set influence interpersonal perception? What does it mean to be egocentric? What
4. What sensory information are you attending to right now? How do your co-cultures influence the perceptions you make of others?
4. Think of a perception you recently made of someone else’s behavior.In writing, describe what the person did and what your perception was. Given what you now know about the effects of physiology,
4. What does it mean to engage in interpersonal perception? How are selection, organization, and interpretation related to one another? How do physiological states or traits, culture, co-culture, and
4. When do you notice that you have to manage multiple identities?What strategies do you use to do so? How do you usually react when your face needs are threatened?
4. Imagine you’re asking someone in your family for a favor. Think about the types of images you would want to project to that person. With those images in mind, write out the words you would use
4. What does it mean to say that image management is collaborative?How are fellowship face, autonomy face, and competence face similar? How are they different?
4. When do you feel better or worse about yourself? What factors, besides sex and culture, do you think influence self-esteem?
4. This week, make a point of expressing affection—in whatever ways feel natural—to close family members, co-workers, and/or friends. Then, in a short report, briefl y describe two or three
4. What social behaviors are enhanced by having high self-esteem? How does self-esteem differ between the sexes or among various ethnic groups?What three interpersonal needs did Schutz propose were
4. How do your friends and relatives affi rm and reinforce your perceptions of yourself? If you had to create a time capsule to describe yourself to future generations and could include only five
4. Create a version of Figure 3.1 for yourself. Around the figure in the middle, draw six to eight small images that represent your different selves.Then draw three or four new selves that represent
4. What does it mean to say that self-concepts are partly subjective?Compare and contrast reflected appraisal and social comparison as influences on the development of a self-concept. What are the
4. How do you feel about people whose sexual orientation is different from yours? How do you think those feelings affect your communication with them? What are the biggest challenges you have noticed
4. In small groups or with your class as a whole, create a discussion board or blog to identify the ways in which masculine and feminine communication behaviors are taught and reinforced in your
4. How do masculinity, femininity, and androgyny compare with one another? In what ways do psychological, genetic, and anatomical differences influence one’s biological sex? What is a sexual
4. How are culture’s effects on communication learned and reinforced?What challenges have you experienced when communicating with people from other cultures?
4. Select a gesture that is commonly used in U.S. American society, such as the thumbs-up or OK sign. Using the Internet, research and document the many different interpretations that gesture has in
4. In what ways do people from individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ in their communication behaviors? Do people use more explicit language in high- or low-context cultures? Is power
4. With which in-groups do you identify the most strongly? When have you noticed your own cultural awareness being challenged? How did you respond?
4. Choose two of your close friends, and make a list of the co-cultures to which each friend belongs. Include co-cultures for age, ethnicity, disability, religion, and activities or interests if they
4. What is a culture, and how is it different from a society? How do societies use symbols, language, values, and norms to reflect their cultures? What are some examples of co-cultures? What is the
4. In what ways do your close relationships improve your life? What are some of the challenges involved in maintaining those relationships?
4. Using the Internet to help you, look up a friend you’ve lost touch with and make contact with that person again. Even if you don’t communicate with long-term friends often, they are worth
4. What are the features of communication that determine whether it is interpersonal?How and why is interpersonal communication important for health?
4. What are some implicit communication rules that you can recall?Why do you suppose we so often think communication can solve any problem?
4. Talk with a friend or a classmate about a topic that is very important to you. Experiment with talking less and caring less about getting your point across than you usually would. What happens
4. What are the primary differences among the action, interaction, and transaction models of communication? What does it mean to say that communication has literal and relational implications? What
4. Can you identify ways in which your own communication meets your relational or spiritual needs? Do you communicate for any reasons that are not discussed in this section?

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