Questions and Answers of Methods Behavioral Research

2. In Hull’s approach, the internal events he included were hypothetical ph processes.
1. Hull believed that it might be useful to incorporate internal events into one’s theorizing so long as they can be op by defining them in such a way that they can be measured.
6. In his later theorizing, Watson proposed that humans inherit (many/a few) basic reflexes, along with three basic emotions: ,, and .
5. In his 1913 article on behaviorism, Watson emphasized the role of both h and e in the development of human behavior. In his later theorizing, however, he downplayed the role of .
4. Watson proposed a(n) - theory of learning which hypothesizes that learning involves the formation of a direct connection between a st and a r .
3. Watson believed that all reference to events should be eliminated from the study of behavior.
2. According to this type of behaviorism, psychologists should study only those behaviors that can be .
1. Watson’s brand of behaviorism is often referred to as behaviorism.
6. One version of the above law, known as M C , holds that it is preferable to interpret animal behavior in terms of lower, more primitive processes, such as reflex or habit, than higher, more
5. According to the law of p , the (simple/complex) explanation is generally the preferable explanation.
4. Watson argued that psychology needed to become a n science (like biology, chemistry, and physics) based solely on the study of directly ob events.
3. The notion that the proper subject matter of psychology should be the study of consciousness was so strong that even those who studied behavior felt compelled to make inferences about possible
2. A basic problem with relying on someone’s report about his or her thoughts and feelings is that we are making a(n) that the report is accurate. This term is defined in the footnote as a
1. Watson noted that a major problem with the method of was that the results obtained were often unreliable.
5. It is simplistic to assume that one can draw a clear distinction between n and n because the way we learn is itself an i trait.
4. The real driving force behind evolution is not survival of the fittest, but rather the r advantage held by those individuals who possess adaptive traits.
3. To say that a trait is h means that it has a genetic basis and can be inherited by offspring.
2. The three main components to the theory of natural selection are:a.b.c.
1. An ev ad is a trait that has evolved through n s .
5. William James was a (functionalist/structuralist) , and Edward Titchener was a .
4. The functionalists were similar to the structuralists in that they still emphasized the study of c experience and in doing so often used the method of i .
3. The functionalist approach was strongly influenced by Darwin’s theory of. As such, these psychologists viewed animal research as (relevant/irrelevant) to the study of human behavior in that
2. In contrast to the above, those who adopted the (functionalist/structuralist)approach to psychology emphasized the adaptive processes of the mind and were thus very interested in the study of
1. The (functionalist/structuralist) approach proposed that the goal of psychology should be to identify the basic elements of the mind. The primary research method used for accomplishing this was
3. They also believed that the mind is composed of a finite set of basic that are then combined through the principles of to form our conscious experiences.
2. The British , such as John , maintained that knowledge was largely a function of ex and that the mind of a newborn infant is a (in Latin) t r (which means ).
1. Descartes’ dualistic model proposed that human behavior has two aspects: an QUICK QUIZ C inv aspect that functions like a machine and a v aspect governed by f w . By contrast, the behavior of
9. After once encountering a snake in her garage, Lisa is now quite nervous each time she is in the garage. This is an example of Aristotle’s law of .This is also an example of (classical/operant)
8. The more often one practices a particular move in wrestling, the more likely one is to perform that move in a real match. This is an example of the law of .
7. The fact that the words full and empty are easily associated with each other is an example of the law of .
6. Animals that have fur, four legs, a tail, and can bark are quickly perceived as belonging to the same species. This is an example of the law of .
5. According to the law of , we easily associate events that resemble each other. According to the law of , the more often two events occur together, the stronger the association.
4. The law of states that we associate events that are opposite to each other, whereas the law of states that we associate events that occur in close proximity to each other.
3. Nativist is to (nature/nurture) as empiricist is to (nature/nurture) .
2. The empiricist position, as exemplified by the Greek philosopher , emphasizes the role of (learning/heredity) .
1. The nativist position, as exemplified by the Greek philosopher , QUICK QUIZ B emphasizes the role of (learning/heredity) .
6. According to the notational system to be used in this text, the term “A: B”means that event A (produces/is followed by) event B, and the term“X ã Y” means that event X (produces/is
5. Speaking with a loud voice in a noisy environment so that others will be able to hear you is an example of a behavior that has most likely been learned through conditioning.
4. Feeling anxious as you enter a dentist’s office is an example of a behavior that has most likely been learned through conditioning.
3. In conditioning, a behavior produces some type of consequence that strengthens or weakens its occurrence. Such behaviors are typically those that are generally regarded as “g -directed” and
2. In conditioning, behaviors that the average person typically regards as (voluntary/involuntary) come to be elicited in new situations.
1. The term behavior refers to any activity of an organism that can be o or somehow m , whereas the term learning refers to a relatively p change in what an organism does as a result of some type of
It is easy to collect data for experiments and surveys on the Internet. Anyone in the world who is connected to the Internet can participate in an online experiment or survey. Use a search term such
A researcher investigated attitudes toward individuals in wheelchairs. The question was: Would people react differently to a person they perceived as being temporarily confined to the wheelchair than
In Professor Dre’s study, the average number of errors detected in the print and computer conditions was 38.4 and 13.2, respectively; this difference was not statistically significant. When
Many elementary schools have implemented a daily “sustained silent reading” period during which students, faculty, and staff spend 15–20 minutes silently reading a book of their choice.
As we noted at the beginning of the chapter, surveys are being conducted all the time. Many survey reports are not published in peer-reviewed journals. Identify a survey report of your own interest
Here are a number of references to variables. For each, identify whether a nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scale is being used:a. The temperatures in cities throughout the country that are
The limitations of nonexperimental research were dramatically brought to the attention of the public by the results of an experiment on the effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (part
A few years ago, newspapers reported a finding that Americans who have a glass of wine a day are healthier than those who have no wine (or who have a lot of wine or other alcohol). What are some
You observe that classmates who get good grades tend to sit toward the front of the classroom, and those who receive poorer grades tend to sit toward the back. What are three possible
What is the difference between the nonexperimental method and the experimental method?
Dr. Alucard conducted a study to examine various aspects of the sexual behaviors of college students. The students filled out a questionnaire in a classroom on the campus; about 50 students were
A social psychologist conducts a field experiment at a local bar that is popular with college students. Interested in observing flirting techniques, the investigator instructs male and female
In a procedure described in this chapter, participants are given false feedback about an unfavorable personality trait or a low ability level. What are the ethical issues raised by this procedure?
Consider the following experiment, similar to one that was conducted by Smith, Lingle, and Brock (1978). Each participant interacted for an hour with another person who was actually an accomplice.
Choose one of the hypotheses formulated in Activity Question 1 and develop a strategy for finding research on the topic using the computer database in your library.
What is a meta-analysis?
Distinguish between an exact replication and a conceptual replication. What is the value of a conceptual replication?
Why is it important to pretest a problem for generalization? Discuss the reasons why including a pretest may affect the ability to generalize results.
What is the source of the problem of generalizing to other experimenters? How can this problem be solved?
How does the use of the Internet to recruit subjects and collect data impact external validity?
Find a meta-analysis published in a journal; two good sources are the Review of Educational Research and Psychological Bulletin. What conclusions were drawn from the meta-analysis? How were studies
How can the fact that most studies are conducted with college students, volunteers, and individuals from a limited location and culture potentially impact external validity?
Use PsycINFO to find abstracts of articles that included race, ethnicity, gender, or nationality as a key variable. Consider topics such as body image, rumination, academic achievement, or identity
Why should a researcher be concerned about generalizing to other populations?
Discuss the reasons that a researcher might obtain nonsignificant results.
What influences the probability of a Type II error?
What factors are involved in choosing a significance level?
Distinguish between a Type I and a Type II error. Why is your significance level the probability of making a Type I error?
What factors are most important in determining whether obtained results will be significant?
What is meant by statistical significance?
Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis. When does the researcher decide to reject the null hypothesis?
When a path diagram is shown, what information is conveyed by the arrows leading from one variable to another?
What is the purpose of partial correlation?
How does multiple correlation increase accuracy of prediction?
What is a regression equation? How might an employer use a regression equation?
What happens when a scatterplot shows the relationship to be curvilinear?
What is a correlation coefficient? What do the size and sign of the correlation coefficient tell us about the relationship between variables?
What is a measure of variability? Distinguish between the standard deviation and the range.
What is a measure of central tendency? Distinguish between the mean, median, and mode.
Ask 20 students on campus how many units (credits) they are taking, as well as how many hours per week they work in paid employment. Create a frequency distribution and find the mean for each data
Distinguish between a pie chart, bar graph, and frequency polygon. Construct one of each.
Your favorite newspaper, newsmagazine, or news-related website is a rich source of descriptive statistics on a variety of topics. Examine the past week’s news; describe at least five instances of
Distinguish among comparing percentages, comparing means, and correlating scores.
What is a cohort effect?
Distinguish between longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential methods.
Describe the interrupted time series and the control series designs. What are the strengths of the control series design as compared with the interrupted time series design?
Describe the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Why is this a quasi-experimental design rather than a true experiment?
Describe the threats to internal validity discussed in the text: history, maturation, testing, instrument decay, regression toward the mean, and selection differences.
Why does having a control group eliminate the problems associated with the one-group pretest-posttest design?
Why might a researcher use a quasi-experimental design rather than a true experimental design?
What is a multiple baseline design? Why is it used? Distinguish between multiple baseline designs across subjects, across behaviors, and across situations.
What is meant by baseline in a single-case design?
What is a reversal design? Why is an ABAB design superior to an ABA design?
Describe what a program evaluation researcher’s goals would be when addressing each of the five types of evaluation research questions.
Read each of the following research scenarios and then fill in the correct answer in each column of the table. Number of Number of Number of Number of independent experimental possible variables
Identify the number of conditions in a factorial design on the basis of knowing the number of independent variables and the number of levels of each independent variable.
Practice graphing the results of the experiment on the effect of amount and frequency of exercise on depression. In the actual experiment, there was a main effect of amount of exercise: Participants
Describe an IV Χ PV factorial design.

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