Questions and Answers of Methods Behavioral Research

4. When Bobbi threw a temper tantrum, Bobbi’s mother made her sit in the corner for a minute. Bobbi’s mother is applying a (response cost/time-out) procedure.
3. When Bobbi threw a temper tantrum, her mother turned off the television program that Bobbi was watching. Bobbi’s mother is applying a (response cost/time-out) procedure.
2. Negative punishment involves the (presentation/removal) of a stimulus following a response that subsequently results in a (increase/decrease)in the likelihood of that response occurring again.
1. When the cat sat at your feet and meowed annoyingly during breakfast one morning, you sprayed it with water. As a result, the cat did not come near the table or meow the next time you sat down for
8. Some evidence suggests that cognitive interventions for OCD, when combined with ERP, provide (much/little) additional benefit.
7. People with OCD fail to realize that intrusive thoughts are (common/uncommon) and that such thoughts are often (controllable/uncontrollable) . They also (take / fail to take) responsibility for
6. People with OCD are usually (able/unable) to recall a particular conditioning event that was the cause of the obsessional anxiety response. The disorder often arises, however, during times of s .
5. ERP is similar to systematic desensitization in that exposure to the anxiety-provoking event is usually (gradual/sudden) . It is similar to flooding therapy in that exposure to the
4. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy for OCD involves prolonged exposure to anxiety-arousing events while (engaging / not engaging)in the (obsessive/compulsive) behavior that serves to
3. From the perspective of two-process theory, this decrease in anxiety likely functions as a n r for the compulsive behavior.
2. In general, (compulsions/obsessions) are associated with an increase in anxiety, whereas are associated with a decrease in anxiety.
1. Janice continually worries that her alarm clock might not be set, and that she will QUICK QUIZ F wake up late for class. She therefore checks the alarm clock about 20 times each night before
2. This results in (little/considerable) exposure to the feared CS, thereby greatly (increasing/reducing) the likelihood that the fear response will e .
1. A critical aspect of Stampfl’s experimental analogue of phobic conditioning is QUICK QUIZ E that the avoidance response can occur (early/late) in the sequence of events leading up to the feared
3. Experimental avoidance usually requires (one / a few) conditioning trial(s), while phobic conditioning usually requires conditioning trial(s). Also, (experimental/phobic) conditioning is less than
2. According to Mineka, a second limitation of applying experimental models of avoidance to phobias is that avoidance behavior in an experiment conditions(more/less) readily than does avoidance
1. According to Mineka, one limitation in applying experimental models of QUICK QUIZ D avoidance to human phobias is that the animals are usually avoiding the aversive(CS/US) whereas human phobics
5. According to species-specific defense reaction theory, avoidance responses are often (learned/innate) reactions to aversive stimulation that are automatically (emitted/elicited) in dangerous
4. According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is negatively reinforced by a reduction in overall rate of av st , as opposed to a reduction in .
3. A second problem with Mowrer’s theory is that after sufficient experience with avoiding the aversive CS, the animals no longer show any , yet continue to make the avoidance response. Levis,
2. However, according to the a c hypothesis, avoidance responses usually occur so (quickly/slowly) that exposures to the (CS/US) are too (long/brief) for to take place.
1. One apparent problem with two-process theory is that, even after hundreds of trials, the avoidance response does not seem to e .
2. According to Mowrer, avoidance is the result of two distinct processes: (1)conditioning of a response, and (2) conditioning in which an avoidance response is n r by a reduction in .
1. It is relatively easy to understand the process underlying (escape/avoidance) conditioning because the organism moves from an situation to a non situation. By contrast, it is more difficult to
4. In the shuttle avoidance procedure described previously, the rat first learns to from the shock, with the acting as the SD for the behavior. The rat later learns to the shock, with the acting as
3. Julio initially takes vitamin C whenever he has a cold, in the hope that it will shorten the duration of his symptoms. Feeling that this is effective, he begins taking it daily in the hope that it
2. Typically, one first learns to from an aversive stimulus, and then to it.
1. Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus is called behavior, QUICK QUIZ A whereas behavior that prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring is called behavior.
18. How might a bird owner use stimulus control to eliminate a parrot’s tendency to squawk for long periods of time? How might a novelist use stimulus control to facilitate the act of writing?
17. Describe errorless discrimination training and the two basic aspects of this procedure. What is a major drawback of such training?
16. Define anticipatory contrast and give an example.
15. Define positive and negative contrast effects, and give an example of each.
14. Define a multiple schedule. Diagram an experimental example involving the response of lever pressing for food on an FR 20 and VI 30-sec schedule, and the stimuli of tone and light. Be sure to
13. Define the peak shift effect. Illustrate your answer with a graph of a generalization gradient.
12. What is a generalization gradient? How does the shape of the gradient reflect the degree of generalization?
11. What is an S? Diagram an example of a discrimination training procedure(be sure to include the appropriate abbreviations for each component).
10. Define stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination as they occur in operant conditioning.
9. Define stimulus control. What would be an example of stimulus control of behavior at a hockey game and at a church service?
8. Define a DRO procedure. To eliminate a behavior, why is a DRO procedure more effective than a straight extinction procedure?
7. What is spontaneous recovery, and how is it affected by successive sessions of extinction?
6. How is resistance to extinction affected by history of reinforcement, magnitude of reinforcement, degree of deprivation, and previous experience with extinction?
5. Define the partial reinforcement effect. Of the four basic intermittent schedules, which produces particularly strong resistance to extinction?
4. What is resistance to extinction? Be sure to distinguish between low resistance and high resistance to extinction.
3. What are four side effects of extinction, other than extinction burst and resurgence?
2. What is an extinction burst? What is resurgence?
1. Define extinction as it applies to operant conditioning. Be sure to distinguish between the process of extinction and the procedure of extinction.
3. Briefly put, six rules for overcoming sleep-onset insomnia through the use of stimulus control are (chances are that you will have to check back to fill these out):_______
2. Jaclyn’s cat has a terrible habit of jumping up on the kitchen counter whenever Jaclyn is preparing food. How might Jaclyn use a stimulus control procedure to eliminate this behavior?
1. Training a rhinoceros to touch the end of a stick with its nose is an example of a useful behavior management technique called t
4. Gradually altering the intensity of a stimulus is called f .
3. This type of discrimination training is also likely to produce behavior patterns that are (easy/difficult) to modify at a later point in time.
2. This type of discrimination training is likely to produce (more/less)emotional behavior compared to the standard form of discrimination training.
1. In e discrimination training, the S is presented (early/later)in the training procedure, and at very (weak/strong)intensity to begin with.
3. Vronsky (another character in Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina) falls deeply in love with Anna, who is the wife of another man. For several months, they carry on a passionate affair. When Anna, however,
2. If Jackie hears her mother say that it is getting close to her bedtime, she is likely to become (more/less) involved in the computer game she is playing.
1. An increase in the rate of responding for an available reinforcer when faced with the possibility of losing it in the near future is known as contrast.
4. When Levin (a lonely bachelor in Tolstoy’s novel Anna Karenina) proposed to the beautiful young Kitty, she rejected him. Levin was devastated and decided to devote the rest of his life to his
3. A pigeon that experiences a shift from a multiple FR 10 VI 60-sec schedule to a multiple FR 100 VI 60-sec schedule will likely (increase/decrease) its rate of response on the VI 60-sec component.
2. In behavioral contrast, a decrease in reinforcement on one alternative results in a(n) in on the other alternative.
1. In behavioral contrast, an increase in reinforcement on one QUICK QUIZ J alternative results in a(n) (increase/decrease) in (responding/reinforcement) on the other alternative.
3. On a multiple VI 50-sec VR 50 schedule, we are likely to find a high rate of response on the (VI/VR/both) component(s).
2. This type of schedule differs from a chained schedule in that a is provided after each component schedule is completed.
1. On a m schedule, two or more schedules are presented (sequentially/QUICK QUIZ I simultaneously) , with each resulting in a r and having its own distinctive .
3. If a pigeon undergoes discrimination training in which a yellow key light is explicitly established as an S and an orange key light is explicitly established as the SD, the strongest response in
2. If an orange key light is trained as an SD in a key pecking task with pigeons, and the pigeons are then exposed to other key colors ranging from yellow on one end of the continuum to red on the
1. In the peak shift effect, the peak of a generalization gradient, following d t , shifts away from the to a stimulus that is further removed from the .
2. An “Open for Business” sign is an (use the abbreviation) for entering the store and making a purchase, while a “Closed for Business” sign is an for attempting such behavior.
1. In a discrimination training procedure, responses that occur in the presence of QUICK QUIZ G the (use the symbols) are reinforced, while those that occur in the presence of the are not reinforced.
7. Jonathan always goes for lunch around 12:30, with the range being somewhere between 12:25 and 12:35 p.m. The generalization gradient for this behavior across various points in time would therefore
6. When Jonathan looked at his watch and noticed that it was 12:30 p.m., he decided that it was time for lunch. Jonathan’s eating behavior appears to be under strong s c .
5. In a graph that depicts a g g , a relatively flat line indicates more and less . A relatively steep line indicates more and less .
4. A g g indicates the strength of responding to stimuli that vary along a continuum.
3. In general, stimuli that are (more/less) similar produce stronger generalization.
2. In operant conditioning, the term s g refers to the tendency for a response to be emitted in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the original . The opposite process, called s d refers to
1. A behavior is said to be under s c when it is highly likely to occur in the presence of a certain stimulus.
3. A DRO procedure is useful in that it tends to reduce many of the side effects of extinction, such as ex b and fr .
2. Giving a dog a treat whenever it does something other than jump up on visitors as they enter the house is an example of a (use the abbreviation)procedure.
1. The procedure of reinforcing all behaviors except the particular target behavior that you wish to extinguish is known as d r of o behavior (abbreviated ).
3. Skinner believed that this phenomenon is a function of that are uniquely associated with the start of the session.
2. In general, each time this occurs, the behavior is (weaker/stronger)than before and extinguishes (more/less) readily.
1. S is the reappearance of an extinguished response at a later point in time.
7. Previous experience with extinction, as well as a distinctive signal for extinction, tends to produce a(n) (increase/decrease) in resistance to extinction.
6. In general, there is a(n) (direct/inverse) relationship between resistance to extinction and the organism’s level of deprivation for the reinforcer.
5. Resistance to extinction is generally greater when the behavior that is being extinguished has been reinforced with a (high/low) -magnitude reinforcer, though the opposite effect has also been
4. In general, a behavior that has been reinforced many times is likely to be (much easier / more difficult) to extinguish.
3. Among the four basic intermittent schedules, the (use the abbreviation)schedule is particularly likely to produce strong resistance to extinction.
2. According to the p r effect, responses that have been maintained on an intermittent schedule will show (more/less)resistance to extinction than responses that have been reinforced on a continuous
1. R to is the extent to which responding persists after an extinction procedure is implemented.
5. On the trip home, Krissy, who never did get a toy, sat silently and stared out the window. This is not surprising, because extinction is sometimes followed by a temporary period of d __________.
4. When her father still refuses to buy her a toy, Krissy suddenly asks her dad to pick her up and carry her, something she has not asked for since she was much smaller. This could be an example of r
3. Krissy might also begin showing a lot of e behavior, including a __________.
2. Krissy is also likely to ask for the toy in many different ways because extinction often results in an increase in the v of a behavior.
1. Krissy asked her father to buy her a toy, as he usually did, when they were out shopping. Unfortunately, Krissy’s father had spent all of his money on building supplies and told her that he had
3. In carrying out an extinction procedure, an important first step is to ensure that the consequence being withdrawn is in fact the .
2. Whenever Jana’s friend Karla phoned late in the evening, she would invariably begin complaining about her coworkers. In the beginning, Jana listened attentively and provided emotional support.
1. Extinction is the of a previously response, the result of which is a(n) in the strength of that response.
17. Outline the response deprivation hypothesis. Describe how the response deprivation hypothesis differs from the Premack principle.
16. Outline the Premack principle. Give an example of the Premack principle as applied to dealing with a classroom situation in which students are chatting to each other rather than focusing on their
15. Describe the drive reduction theory of reinforcement. What is a major difficulty with this theory? What is incentive motivation?
14. Define the goal gradient effect and give an example.

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