Questions and Answers of Methods Behavioral Research

7. How does one distinguish a high rate of response versus a low rate of response versus a period of no response on a cumulative record?
6. Define rate of response. Why is rate of response a particularly favored measure of behavior among radical behaviorists (include an example)?
5. Distinguish between contiguity and contingency. Name and define two types of contiguity.
4. Define establishing operation. Name and describe two types of establishing operations.
3. Distinguish between overt and covert behavior. Distinguish between appetitive and aversive stimuli.
2. Define stimulus and response. Differentiate between the terms stimulus and stimuli.
1. Distinguish between independent and dependent variables. What is a functional relationship?
4. Two arguments against the use of animals in research are:_________
3. A fourth advantage to using animals for research is that it would be u to conduct certain types of studies with humans, such as examining the effects of brain lesions on learning ability.
2. A third advantage to using animals is that the e environment can more easily be controlled for animals than for humans.
1. Two advantages to using animals for behavioral research is that one can more QUICK QUIZ J strictly control an animal’s g makeup and l history.
4. The changing-criterion design can be strengthened by including periods in which the criterion suddenly______
3. In using this type of design, it is important that the level of behavior closely the changes in the criterion for that behavior.
2. A changing-criterion design is most appropriate for assessing the effect of programs designed to produce a (sudden/gradual) change in behavior.
1. In a changing-criterion design, the question of interest is whether the changes in behavior match changes in a c for the behavior that is being systematically al .
3. It is therefore a preferable design for situations in which the treatment might result in a (temporary/permanent) change in behavior, or where it might be un to withdraw the treatment.
2. A key advantage of the multiple-baseline design is that we do not have to w the treatment to determine if it is effective.
1. With a multiple-baseline design, the treatment is instituted at different points in QUICK QUIZ H t for one or more p , s , or b .
6. A reversal design is also inappropriate when the act of withdrawing a successful treatment would lead to e problems.
5. A reversal design is inappropriate for an experiment in which the treatment is expected to produce a (temporary/permanent) change in the behavior.
4. What type of result do we need to see during the second baseline phase to determine whether our treatment is the cause of the change in the behavior?.
3. A reversal design (also called an design) involves repeated alternations between a period and a period.
2. A simple-comparison design (does/does not) allow us to determine if there is a f relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
1. In a simple-comparison design, behavior in a b condition is compared to behavior in a t condition.
4. Briefly stated, three problems with control group designs are:
3. Control group designs that are used to assess behavioral differences between species are referred to as designs.
2. In the simplest form of a control group design, individuals are r assigned to either an e (or tr ) group and a group.
1. In an experiment, a(n) variable is systematically varied (manipuQUICK QUIZ F lated) to determine its effects on the variable.
4. Because the case study approach often involves only one person, the results may be limited in the extent to which they can be g to other people, places, and times.
3. The major limitation of both approaches is that it is often (easy/difficult)to specify which variables influence which behavior.
2. Both approaches are susceptible to the problem of researcher b , in which the opinions and beliefs of the researcher can unduly influence his or her observations.
1. Two common descriptive methods are n and QUICK QUIZ E c .
10. In an interval recording procedure, our two observers agreed on whether Mika was being disruptive in class during 15 of the 20 observed intervals. The level of interobserver reliability in this
9. Which of the following is an example of a rate measure of writing? (a) number of words written (b) the number of words written per hour.
8. A device commonly used to measure the ongoing rate of a behavior is a c r . On this device, a flat line indicates (no/slow/fast) responding, a steep line indicates responding, and a shallow line
7. Recording whether Ashley hiccups during a continuous series of 5-minute time periods is an example of recording, whereas recording whether hiccupping occurs during a 5-minute period at the start
6. The number of fish a person catches in a 1-hour period is a measure of r .
5. The time it takes before a response begins is a measure of l .
4. The exact manner in which Jana lifts a dumbbell and presses it overhead is called the t of the behavior
3. How quickly a musician plays a musical piece from beginning to end is a measure of whereas the number of hours the musician practices each week is a measure of . The amount of time it takes the
2. The force with which a person can squeeze a device that measures grip strength is a measure of i .
1. Behavioral definitions should be ob and un .QUICK QUIZ D
7. If a dog receives a dog biscuit only when it begs, then receiving the dog biscuit is c upon the behavior of begging.
6. Sasha obtains a high mark on her exams only when she studies diligently. For Sasha, there is a c between studying diligently and doing well on her exams.
5. People who live close to each other are more likely to date and fall in love. Thus, s c seems to have a strong effect on the development of romantic relationships.
4. Erin says that she once experienced a strong pain in her leg at the precise moment that her son, who was away on a mountain-climbing expedition, broke his leg.Because of the t c between her
3. The term means “closeness or nearness.”
2. Farah has been working out of town and has not seen a movie for over a year. It is likely that the reward value of going to a movie has (increased/decreased) as a function of
1. An e o is a procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus.
7. If we think before we act, then our (covert/overt) behavior serves as a stimulus that influences our (covert/overt) behavior. If we act first and then feel regret later, then our behavior serves
6. Jake is strongly attracted to Julie and often hangs around her office just to get a glimpse of her. Julie is thus an stimulus for Jake.
5. Julie also thinks unkind thoughts about Jake and feels anxious when she sees him in the hallway, both of which are examples of behavior.
4. Julie dislikes Jake, one of the sales personnel who works in her department.Because Julie avoids Jake like the plague, Jake can be considered an stimulus. For example, Julie closes her office door
3. One person’s response can be another person’s _____.
2. A tone is a s and a tone and a bell are s .
1. A(n) is any event that can potentially influence behavior;a(n) is a specific instance of behavior.
3. A relationship is the relationship between a change in an independent variable and an associated change in a dependent variable. Behaviorists are typically concerned with discovering the
2. A change in the dependent variable is considered to be the (cause/effect) in an experiment, whereas a change in the independent variable is considered to be the .
1. A researcher is interested in studying the effects of viewing television violence on aggression in children. She shows one group of participants an extremely violent movie, another group a
15. What is the distinction between radical behaviorism, behavior analysis, and applied behavior analysis?
14. In what way is operant conditioning similar to Darwin’s principle of natural selection? Why was Skinner cautious about placing too much emphasis on genetic factors in behavior?
13. Describe Skinner’s radical behaviorism. How does his approach to determinism differ from that of Bandura’s?
12. Describe Bandura’s social learning theory. Outline or diagram his concept of reciprocal determinism.
11. Describe Hull’s neobehaviorism. How does Tolman’s cognitive behaviorism differ from it?
10. Describe Watson’s methodological behaviorism. How did Watson’s position on the nature–nurture debate change over time?
9. Define the law of parsimony and Morgan’s Canon.
8. Describe Darwin’s principle of natural selection. What are the three main components of the principle of natural selection?
7. Describe the functionalist approach to psychology. Where did functionalists stand on the issue of animal experimentation, and what was their reasoning behind this?
6. Describe the structuralist approach to psychology. Name and define the basic method by which the structuralists gathered data.
5. How did the British empiricists view the acquisition of knowledge and the composition of the conscious mind?
4. Outline Descartes’ dualistic model of human behavior. In his view, what is a basic distinction between the behavior of humans and the behavior of other animals?
3. Name and briefly describe the four laws of association.
2. Describe the nativist versus empiricist approaches to knowledge. How would a nativist versus an empiricist explain how Picasso became such a great artist?
1. Name and briefly describe the two fundamental forms of learning emphasized in this textbook.
3. The technology that has grown out of that science is known as .
2. The science that grew out of that philosophy is called the e a of behavior or, more briefly, .
1. Skinner’s philosophy of behaviorism (meaning the set of basic assumptions for how best to conduct a science of behavior) is called behaviorism.
6. On a practical level, Skinner was (enthused/cautious) about genetic explanations for behavior because he believed that such explanations tend to be(optimistic/pessimistic) about the possibility of
5. Skinner believed that the processes of ev and op conditioning were quite similar in that both involved the selection of what was beneficial from what was not beneficial.
4. Although he emphasized the role of the environment, Skinner also believed that behavior was fundamentally the result of the interaction of g and the environment. He was in fact quite interested in
3. The Tolmanian rat runs through the maze because it e that doing so will result in food; the Skinnerian rat runs through the maze because, in its p exp , doing so resulted in food.
2. For Skinner, an S-R interpretation can best be applied to behavior that is r and can be conditioned. It cannot be applied to behavior that is under the control of its c and has a more fl quality
1. Skinner is most similar to (Hull/Watson/Tolman) in arguing that behavior is best viewed from a m perspective.
7. Altering the environment so as to control our own behavior is referred to as c control. However, in Skinner’s view, even this type of behavior is ultimately the result of some type of e
6. Saying that you are feeling “happy” to explain why you are always smiling and laughing is, from Skinner’s perspective, an example of using feelings as a ps explanation for your behavior.
5. Yet another issue with respect to using internal events to explain behavior is that we (can/cannot) directly change such events.
4. In determining the relationship of thoughts and feelings to behavior, it is sometimes difficult to know if the internal event pr , f , or occurs pa to the behavior.
3. In teaching children to label their thoughts and feelings, parents first have to make an inf about what the child is feeling.
2. Skinner views thoughts and feelings as pr behaviors that themselves need to be explained. These can also be called behaviors.
1. Skinner’s behaviorism emphasizes both internal and external behaviors as resulting from e influences.
3. Bandura’s work has influenced the development of a type of therapy known as - therapy, in which an attempt is made to change behavior by altering both environmental and c factors.
2. The concept of proposes that three variables:e , b , and p variables, all interact with each other.
1. Bandura’s theory emphasizes the importance of o learning and c variables.
5. The modern-day study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals is known as a c or com c .
4. Tolman believed that introspectively observed thoughts and feelings are (useless/useful) in the analysis of behavior. As well, almost all of Tolman’s research was conducted using as subjects.
3. The experiment by Tolman and Honzik (1930) has traditionally been regarded as a demonstration of learning, in which learning appears to take place in the absence of any reward. The experiment has
2. A is an internal representation of one’s surroundings.
1. Tolman’s approach is known as behaviorism because it utilizes mentalistic concepts, such as “expectations,” to explain behavior. This approach is also sometimes called p behaviorism.
4. Hull’s theory was a pure - theory in that it assumed that the process of learning involves the creation of connections between specific s and specific r .
3. Such internal events are called i variables in that they are presumed to m between the environment and behavior.

Showing 800 - 900 of 1115