5 The observer–participant relationship is an important consideration in the design of observation studies. What kind of relationship would you recommend in each of the following cases?

a Observations of professional conduct in the classroom by the student author of a course evaluation guide.

b Observation of retail shoppers by a researcher who is interested in determining customer purchase time by type of goods purchased.

c Observation of a focus group interview by a client.

d Effectiveness of individual farmworker organizers in their efforts to organize employees of grape growers.