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statistics principles and methods
Statistics The Exploration And Analysis Of Data 6th Edition John M Scheb, Jay Devore, Roxy Peck - Solutions
=+b. Does your experimental design include direct control of any extraneous variables? Explain.
=+a. Describe how you might design an experiment for this purpose.
=+2.33 A 1993 study showed that college students temporarily gained up to 9 IQ points after listening to a Mozart piano sonata. This conclusion, dubbed the Mozart effect, has since been criticized by a number of researchers who have been unable to confirm the result in similar studies. Suppose
=+c. What two extraneous factors are mentioned in the problem description? Are there other extraneous factors that should be considered?
=+b. What factor will determine the experimental conditions?
=+a. What is the response variable in this experiment?
=+determine which of three different glues results in the greatest binding strength. Although they are not of interest in the current investigation, other factors thought to affect binding strength are the number of pages in the book and whether the book is being bound as a paperback or a hardback.
=+2.32 The head of the quality control department at a printing company would like to carry out an experiment t
=+821–834). Describe how you might design an experiment to determine whether this phenomenon is true for your city. What is the response variable? What are some extraneous factors and how does your design control for them?
=+2.31 ▼ Based on observing more than 400 drivers in the Atlanta area, two investigators at Georgia State University concluded that people exiting parking spaces did so more slowly when a driver in another car was waiting for the space than when no one was waiting (“Territorial Defense in
=+2.30 The article “Gene’s Role in Cancer May Be Overstated” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, August 21, 2002) states that “early studies that evaluated breast cancer risk among gene mutation carriers selected women in families where sisters, mothers, and grandmothers all had breast cancer.This
=+Describe how you would go about selecting a sample to answer this question.
=+on to state that Hyundai had planned to identify the car now marketed as the XG300 with the name Concerto, until they determined that consumers hated it and that they thought XG300 sounded more “technical” and deserving of a higher price. Do the students at your school feel the same way?
=+2.29 The article “I’d Like to Buy a Vowel, Drivers Say”(USA Today, August 7, 2001) speculates that young people prefer automobile names that consist of just numbers and/or letters that do not form a word (such as Hyundai’s XG300, Mazda’s 626, and BMW’s 325i). The article goes
=+results were generalized to all U.S. adults. For each criticism, indicate what type of bias is being described and why it might make you question the conclusion drawn by the researchers.
=+Luis Obispo Tribune (February 28, 2000). The first criticism was that increased social isolation was measured by asking respondents if they were talking less to family and friends on the phone. The second criticism was that the sample was selected only from a group that was induced to
=+2.28 Based on a survey of 4113 U.S. adults, researchers at Stanford University concluded that Internet use leads to increased social isolation. The survey was conducted by an Internet-based polling company that selected its samples from a pool of 35,000 potential respondents, all of whom had
=+received more than 400 responses, with more than 60%favoring continuing the parade, while the telephone response line received more than 120 calls, with more than 90% favoring banning the parade (San Luis Obispo Tribune, March 3, 2004). What factors may have contributed to these very different
=+2.27 ▼ Whether or not to continue a Mardi Gras Parade through downtown San Luis Obispo, CA, is a hotly debated topic. The parade is popular with students and many residents, but some celebrations have led to complaints and a call to eliminate the parade. The local newspaper conducted online
=+an article titled “Doctors Feeling Pessimistic, Study Finds”(San Luis Obispo Tribune, July 15, 2001) was based on a mail survey conducted by the California Medical Association. Surveys were mailed to 19,000 California doctors, and 2000 completed surveys were returned. Describe any concerns
=+2.26 “More than half of California’s doctors say they are so frustrated with managed care they will quit, retire early, or leave the state within three years.” This conclusion from
=+researchers at Greenpeace and The Sierra Club. The researchers found that nearly one-third of those tested had mercury levels that exceeded the concentration thought to be safe. Is it reasonable to generalize these results to the larger population of U.S. adults? Explain why or why not.
=+2.25 The article “High Levels of Mercury Are Found in Californians” (Los Angeles Times, February 9, 2006)describes a study in which hair samples were tested for mercury. The hair samples were obtained from more than 6000 people who voluntarily sent hair samples to
=+Which of the three stratification schemes would be best in this situation? Explain.
=+Scheme 2: Stratify adult residents into three strata: college students, nonstudents who work full time, nonstudents who do not work full time.Scheme 3: Stratify adult residents into five strata by randomly assigning residents into one of the five strata.
=+2.24 Suppose that you were asked to help design a survey of adult city residents in order to estimate the proportion that would support a sales tax increase. The plan is to use a stratified random sample, and three stratification schemes have been proposed.Scheme 1: Stratify adult residents into
=+unscientific, in which 34 out of the 43 people who chose to attend the budget workshop recommended raising the sales tax. Briefly discuss why the survey was described as“unscientific” and how this might limit the conclusions that can be drawn from the survey data.
=+2.23 A newspaper headline stated that at a recent budget workshop, nearly three dozen people supported a sales tax increase to help deal with the city’s financial deficit (San Luis Obispo Tribune, January 22, 2005). This conclusion was based on data from a survey acknowledged to be
=+cards is $2169. These estimates were based on an online survey that was sent to 1260 students. Responses were received from 132 of these students. Is it reasonable to generalize the reported estimates to the population of all undergraduate students? Address at least two possible sources of bias
=+2.22 The report “Undergraduate Students and Credit Cards in 2004: An Analysis of Usage Rates and Trends”(Nellie Mae, May 2005) estimated that 21% of undergraduates with credit cards pay them off each month and that the average outstanding balance on undergraduates’ credit
=+ Are there sources of bias that may still be a concern?
=+Comment on this approach to selecting a sample. How does the sampling procedure attempt to minimize certain types of bias?
=+a bias against hard-to-reach people. Once a call is completed, a second random selection is made by asking for the adult in the household who had the most recent birthday. It is as important to randomize who you speak to in the household as it is to randomize the household you select. If you
=+2.21 A pollster for the Public Policy Institute of California explains how the Institute selects a sample of California adults (“It’s About Quality, Not Quantity,” San Luis Obispo Tribune, January 21, 2000):That is done by using computer-generated random residential telephone numbers with
=+how would you respond to this criticism?
=+2.20 In 2000, the chairman of a California ballot initiative campaign to add “none of the above” to the list of ballot options in all candidate races was quite critical of a Field poll that showed his measure trailing by 10 percentage points. The poll was based on a random sample of 1000
=+what it reveals about the number of words on a page.
=+f. Using the process you gave in Part (b), select a stratified random sample that includes a total of at least 20 selected pages, and record the number of words on each of the selected pages. Construct a dotplot of the resulting sample values, and write a sentence or two commenting on
=+e. Using the process you gave in Part (a), select a simple random sample of at least 20 pages, and record the number of words on each of the selected pages. Construct a dotplot of the resulting sample values, and write a sentence or two commenting on what it reveals about the number of words on
=+d. Describe a sampling procedure that would result in a cluster sample.
=+c. Describe a sampling procedure that would result in a systematic sample.
=+b. Describe a sampling procedure that would result in a stratified random sample. Explain why you chose the specific strata used in your sampling plan.
=+a. Describe a sampling procedure that would result in a simple random sample of pages from this book.
=+2.19 A sample of pages from this book is to be obtained, and the number of words on each selected page will be determined. For the purposes of this exercise, equations are not counted as words and a number is counted as a word only if it is spelled out—that is, ten is counted as a word, but 10
=+2.18 Sometimes samples are composed entirely of volunteer responders. Give a brief description of the dangers of using voluntary response samples.
=+2.17 Briefly explain why it is advisable to avoid the use of convenience samples.
=+b. Does every student at this community college have the same chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample?Explain.
=+you used to select the sample, and identify the students included in your sample by placement on the sorted list.
=+2.16 Of the 6500 students enrolled at a community college, 3000 are part time and the other 3500 are full time.The college can provide a list of students that is sorted so d first, followed by the ple that uses full-time strata and that includes escribe the procedure
=+e. To obtain a sample of those attending a basketball game, a researcher selects the 24th person through the door. Then, every 50th person after that is also included in the sample.
=+d. To obtain a sample of the seniors at a particular high school, a researcher writes the name of each senior on a slip of paper, places the slips in a box and mixes them, and then selects 10 slips. The students whose names are on the selected slips of paper are included in the sample.
=+c. A university researcher obtains a sample of students at his university by using the 85 students enrolled in his Psychology 101 class.
=+b. To obtain a sample of students, faculty, and staff at a university, a researcher randomly selects 50 faculty members from a list of faculty, 100 students from a list of students, and 30 staff members from a list of staff.
=+a. All freshmen at a university are enrolled in 1 of 30 sections of a seminar course. To select a sample of freshmen at this university, a researcher selects 4 sections of the seminar course at random from the 30 sections and all students in the 4 selected sections are included in the sample.
=+2.15 ▼ For each of the situations described, state whether the sampling procedure is simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, or convenience sampling.
=+2.14 Suppose that a group of 1000 orange trees is laid out in 40 rows of 25 trees each. To determine the sugar content of fruit from a sample of 30 trees, researcher A suggests randomly selecting five rows and then randomly selecting six trees from each sampled row. Researcher B suggests
=+2.13 The financial aid officers of a university wish to estimate the average amount of money that students spend on textbooks each term. For each of the following proposed stratification schemes discuss whether it would be worth whilea. Stra omoreb. Stra ing cac. Strata corresponding to the
=+2.12 During the previous calendar year, a county’s small claims court processed 870 cases. Describe how a simple random sample of size n 5 50 might be selected from the case files to obtain information regarding the average award in such cases.
=+2.11 A petition with 500 signatures is submitted to a university’s student council. The council president would like to determine the proportion of those who signed the petition who are actually registered students at the university.There is not enough time to check all 500 names with the
=+2.10 As part of a curriculum review, the psychology department would like to select a simple random sample of 20 of last year’s 140 graduates to obtain information on how graduates perceived the value of the curriculum. Describe two different methods that might be used to select the sample.
=+This study made separate comparisons for men who ate different levels of vegetables. According to one of the investigators, “at any given level of total vegetable consumption, as the percent of cruciferous vegetables increased, the prostate cancer risk decreased.” Based on this study, is it
=+2.9 Does eating broccoli reduce the risk of prostate cancer? According to an observational study from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (see CNN.com web site article titled “Broccoli, Not Pizza Sauce, Cuts Cancer Risk, Study Finds,” January 5, 2000), men who ate more cruciferous
=+greater percentage of Southerners have high blood pressure than do people in any other region of the United States. This difference in rate of high blood pressure was found in every ethnic group, gender, and age category studied. List at least two possible reasons we cannot conclude that living
=+2.8 Does living in the South cause high blood pressure?Data from a group of 6278 whites and blacks questioned in the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey between 1988 and 1994 (see CNN.com web site article of January 6, 2000, titled “High Blood Pressure Greater Risk in U.S.
=+b. Would it be reasonable to generalize from the sample to say that 57% of all Americans would rather have more time than more money? Explain.
=+a. What condition on how the data were collected would make the generalization from the sample to the population of affluent Americans reasonable?
=+2.7 ▼ A survey of affluent Americans (those with incomes of $75,000 or more) indicated that 57% would rather have more time than more money (USA Today, January 29, 2003).
=+b. Is it reasonable to generalize the results of this survey to all women in the United States? To all women who watch daytime talk shows? Explain why or why not.
=+a decrease in cravings for fattening foods? Explain.
=+a. Is it reasonable to conclude that watching Oprah causes
=+2.6 Based on a survey conducted on the DietSmart.com web site, investigators concluded that women who regularly watched Oprah were only one-seventh as likely to crave fattening foods as those who watched other daytime talk shows (San Luis Obispo Tribune, October 14, 2000).
=+grimace or cry when having blood drawn than the babies born to mothers without diabetes. This led the researchers to conclude that babies who experience pain early in life become highly sensitive to pain. Comment on the appropriateness of this conclusion
=+diabetes have their heels pricked numerous times during the first 36 hours of life in order to obtain blood samples to monitor blood sugar level. The researchers noted that the babies born to diabetic mothers were more likely to
=+2.5 Researchers at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto compared babies born to mothers with diabetes to babies born to mothers without diabetes (“Conditioning and Hyperanalgesia in Newborns Exposed to Repeated Heel Lances,” Journal of the American Medical Association [2002]:
=+ an observational study ording variable that illus-conclude that being raised cause of the observed lower allergy rate.
=+2.4 An article titled “Guard Your Kids Against Allergies:Get Them a Pet” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, August 28, 2002) described a study that led researchers to conclude that “babies raised with two or more animals were about half as likely to have allergies by the time they turned six ”
=+Explain why the existence of these potentially confounding factors prevent drawing the conclusion that moderate drinking is the cause of reduced risk of heart disease.
=+Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that showed that moderate drinkers, as a group, tended to be better educated, wealthier, and more active than nondrinkers.
=+2.3 The article “Americans are ‘Getting the Wrong Idea’on Alcohol and Health” (Associated Press, April 19, 2005)reported that observational studies in recent years that have concluded that moderate drinking is associated with a reduction in the risk of heart disease may be misleading.
=+Give an example of a dietary factor that might be one of the potentially confounding variables the study authors are worried about.
=+risk of being seriously overweight one year later. The authors of the study state Total energy may be a confounder if consumption of sweet drinks is a marker for other dietary factors associated with overweight . . . (Pediatrics, November 2005)
=+b. Is it reasonable to conclude that watching two or more hours of television is the cause of lower reading scores?Explain.2.2 Stud San desc drink
=+a. Is the study described an observational study or an experiment?
=+3 tended to score lower on measures of reading ability and short term memory.
=+How They Use It” (Seattle Times, July 6, 2005) described a study in which researchers analyzed standardized test results and television viewing habits of 1700 children. They found that children who averaged more than two hours of television viewing per day when they were younger than
=+2.1 ▼ The article “Television’s Value to Kids: It’s All in
=+Construct a dotplot for the cadence data. Do any data values stand out as being unusual?
=+1.31 ● The article “Can We Really Walk Straight?”(American Journal of Physical Anthropology [1992]:19–27) reported on an experiment in which each of 20 healthy men was asked to walk as straight as possible to a target 60 m away at normal speed. Consider the following observations on
=+4. Don’t like this particular survey .025 5. Hostility toward the government .054 6. Desire to protect privacy .056 7. Other reason for refusal .053 8. No reason given .103
=+1. No time to participate .264 2. Not interested .300 3. Don’t like surveys in general .145
=+Draw the corresponding bar chart.Relative Reason Frequency
=+Survey” (1980 Proceedings of the Section on Social Statistics [1980]: 202), 811 doctors who did not respond to the AMA Survey of Physicians were contacted about the reason for their nonparticipation. The results are summarized in the accompanying relative frequency distribution.
=+1.30 ● Nonresponse is a common problem facing researchers who rely on mail questionnaires. In the paper“Reasons for Nonresponse on the Physicians’ Practice
=+Calculate relative frequencies and draw the corresponding bar chart.
=+■ Chapter Review Exercises 25 Bold exercises answered in back ● Data set available online but not required ▼ Video solution available
=+Dotplot A picture of numerical data in which each observation is represented by a dot on or above a horizontal measurement scale.C h a p t e r R e v i e w E x e r c i s e s 1 . 2 7 – 1 . 3 1 Know exactly what to study! Take a pre-test and receive your Personalized Learning Plan.
=+Bar chart A graph of a frequency distribution for a categorical data set. Each category is represented by a bar, and the area of the bar is proportional to the corresponding frequency or relative frequency.
=+Bivariate and multivariate data Each observation consists of two (bivariate) or more(multivariate) responses or values.Frequency distribution for categorical data A table that displays frequencies, and sometimes relative frequencies, for each of the possible values of a categorical variable.
=+noncontact sports injuries by sport, resulting in the following table:Number of Sport Sport Injuries Touch football 38 Soccer 24 Basketball 19 Baseball/softball 11 Jogging/running 11 Bicycling 11 Volleyball 17 Other 47 Term or Formula Comment
=+1.29 ● The paper “Profile of Sport / Leisure Injuries Treated at Emergency Rooms of Urban Hospitals” (Canadian Journal of Sports Science [1991]: 99–102) classified
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