Masculinity and crime. Refer to the Journal of Sociology

(July 2003) study on the link between the level of masculinity and criminal behavior in men, presented in Exercise 9.27 (p. 480). The researcher identified events that a sample of newly incarcerated men were involved in and classified each event as “violent” (involving the use of a weapon, the throwing of objects, punching, choking, or kicking) or

“avoided-violent” (involving pushing, shoving, grabbing, or threats of violence that did not escalate into a violent event). Each man (and corresponding event) was also classified as possessing “high-risk masculinity” (scored high on the Masculinity–Femininity Scale test and low on the Traditional Outlets of Masculinity Scale test) or “low-risk masculinity.” The data on 1,507 events are summarized in the following table.

Violent Events Avoided-

Violent Events Totals High-Risk Masculinity 236 143 379 Low-Risk Masculinity 801 327 1,128 Totals 1,037 470 1,507 Based on Krienert, J. L. “Masculinity and crime: A quantitative exploration of Messerschmidt’s hypothesis.” Journal of Sociology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2003

(Table 4).

a. Identify the two categorical variables measured (and their levels) in the study.

b. Identify the experimental units.

c. If the type of event (violent or avoided-violent) is independent of high-/low-risk masculinity, how many of the 1,507 events would you expect to be violent and involve a high-risk-masculine man?

d. Repeat part c for the other combinations of event type and high-/low-risk masculinity.

e. Calculate the x2 statistic for testing whether event type depends on high- low-risk masculinity.

f. Give the appropriate conclusion of the test mentioned in part

e, using a = .05.