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technical communication

Questions and Answers of Technical Communication

2. Use the information in Table 11–1 to complete a critical appraisal of a research report on a treatment topic.If you read a treatment-related report for activity 1, you could use the same
1. Identify a research report on a topic of interest. Read this article and prepare a brief summary like the ones you have read in the professional literature.You might find the following websites
10. Where will you find the formal statement of purpose and/or research questions in most research reports?
9. What is a structured abstract?
8. List seven sections that are included in most research reports.
7. Explain why a body of evidence from different researchers and different clinical settings is stronger than a single randomized clinical trial.
6. How does a critical appraisal of a diagnostic study differ from a critical appraisal of a treatment study?
5. Identify two reasons why statistically significant differences might not be practically important in a clinical setting.
4. Explain why blinding is a desirable feature in treatment studies.
3. Explain why articles published in peer-reviewed journals have higher status than self-published reports.
2. What phase in evidence-based practice research involves reading existing research reports and using your knowledge of research design, measurement, and so on, to evaluate those reports?
1. What step comes first in evidencebased practice research?a. Completing a thorough literature searchb. Deciding how to use your findingsc. Formulating a focused clinical questiond. Reading and
2. Select an article that includes quantitative data analysis in the results section. You might select one of the articles from the appendix or something on a topic of interest. Make a point to read
1. The analysis in Table 10–12 is from a hypothetical study comparing performance of children with communication
20. Explain what it means when you have a significant interaction in an ANOVA analysis.
19. Interpret the parts of the following one-way ANOVA statistic: F(2,43) =6.45, p
18. You had a sample with six matched pairs of participants. One participant from each pair was randomly assigned to treatment A and the other to treatment B. The participants’ scores are listed
17. What are two reasons that you might select a nonparametric alternative to a t-test, such as the Wilcoxon signedranks test or the Mann-Whitney U test?
16. If you read the following, t (18) = 1.38, p >0.05, what conclusion would you make?
15. If you have two random samples with 12 subjects in each, how many degrees of freedom do you have for the t-test?
14. What nonparametric statistic can be used to test the difference between two groups when you have independent samples?
13. If you are conducting a t-test on two scores from the same subjects or scores from a matched sample, what kind of t-test will you use?
12. Identify three factors that affect whether or not the results of a t-test will be significant.
11. What difference is tested for significance using a t-test?
10. What is the difference between a simple regression and a multiple regression?
9. Would you say that the following is statistically significant or not statistically significant?(r = 0.40, df = 18, p = 0.26)
8. Which is the stronger level of significance, 0.01 or 0.001?
7. If you make an error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true, what type of error have you made?
6. If you read that the value of a Pearson r is 0.45, p = 0.09, should you have confidence that this correlation represents the actual situation in the population? Why or why not?
5. For a Pearson r of 0.50, what is the value of the coefficient of determination?What does this coefficient mean?
4. Is an r of −0.90 stronger than an r of 0.50? Explain.
3. When the relationship between two variables is perfect and inverse, what is the value of r?
2. What does it mean when a researcher reports that the probability for a statistic was p = 0.089?
1. What does it mean when a researcher reports that the probability for a statistic was p < 0.01?
15. Draw the following:a. A roughly normal distribution with a mean of 50 and an SD of 5b. A roughly normal distribution with a mean of 50 and an SD of 10 Try to use a similar scale of measurement in
14. Draw a distribution that illustrates data that approximate a normal curve, one that illustrates data with a positive skew, and one that illustrates data with a negative skew.
13. What is the relationship between the mean and median in: (a) normal curve, (b) curve with a positive skew, and (c) curve with a negative skew?
12. Will an extreme, outlying score have a greater impact on the range or the standard deviation of a set of scores?
11. What is the relationship between the standard deviation and variance?
10. What measure of variability is calculated by determining the difference between the minimum and maximum scores?
9. Three measures of central tendency are the mode, median, and mean.What measure of central tendency provides information about the most frequently occurring category or score? What measure of
8. What descriptive statistics are used most often with nominal level measures?
7. Explain when a researcher would use each of the following:a. Scatterplotb. Column graphc. Line graph
6. What kind of chart or graph could you use if your level of measurement was nominal and you had percentages that totaled to 100%?
5. What level of measurement would allow you to say that a score of 30 was three times as much as a score of 10?
4. The scores obtained from articulation/phonology or language tests most likely measure at what level?
3. Researchers classified preschool children’s history of middle ear infections as frequent/moderate/infrequent based on the number of reported episodes. What scale of measurement would this be?
2. Subjects in a study indicated where they live, which the researcher classified by geographic regions (e.g., Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, West).What scale of measurement would this be?
1. Match the level of measurement with its brief description _____ Nominal _____ Ordinal _____ Interval _____ Ratioa. Rank order from highest to lowestb. Shows how much participants differ but no
2. Read a published report on some form of group research. What was the intended population for the research and what was the accessible population? How did the researchers generate their sample?
1. Use random assignment to divide your classmates into small discussion groups. You might use a spreadsheet application for this task. Start by listing all students in one column, and then assign
4. Do you think CI will be able to provide adequate speech and language services while gathering evidence about the approach? What are your reasons for answering yes or no?a. A behavior with high
3. What are some of the issues CI would need to consider before making a decision about whether or not to participate in the clinical trial?
2. What do you think of the idea of conducting research in an actual clinical setting, such as an outpatient rehabilitation setting?
1. Is the multicenter study described in this case a well-designed clinical trial?Explain your answer.
3. Read the research scenario, “Participation in a Clinical Trial,” provided in Appendix 7–1. Consider how you would answer each of the discussion questions and compare your answers with those
2. Think of an independent variable you would like to investigate.Perhaps focus on an intervention from the field of audiology or speech-language pathology. Think about whether you would investigate
16. How are a systematic review and meta-analysis different from the narrative review of literature that usually begins a research report?
15. In most levels of evidence models, what kind of evidence is at the highest level and what kind is at the lowest level?
14. Explain the difference between a multiple baseline across behaviors single-subject design and a multiple baseline across subjects single-subject design.
13. What is the best way to control for most threats to internal validity?
12. What is the meaning of the term statistical regression and how could this phenomenon affect the results of an intervention study?
11. A researcher wished to use a factorial design to study the length/scheduling of treatment sessions (30-minute sessions four times per week and one-hour sessions two times per week) as well as two
10. Explain how a repeated measures design would be different from a pretest–posttest randomized control group design.
9. Explain how maturation is a threat to the internal validity of a study and how including both randomized treatment and control groups addresses this threat.
8. Identify each of the following statements as most likely to apply to single-subject or group research designs.a. Participants experience both the treatment and control conditions.b. A good
7. Explain the concept of pretest sensitization(reactive effect of testing).
6. Why is a switching replications design a good choice for intervention research?
5. What is the design notation for a switching replications design?
4. What is the primary distinction between a true experimental design and a quasi-experimental design?
3. Explain the following design notation:R O X O R O O
2. What are two important characteristics of a true experimental design?
1. The purpose of ________ is to explore cause and effect relationships.
2. Select one of the following hypothetical research scenarios. Decide what research approach you would use.Provide some examples of the issues you need to consider in planning such a study.a. A
1. To learn more about the research designs covered in this chapter, read studies that exemplify that approach.See Appendix 6–1 for a list of example studies for each research design.
12. How do qualitative researchers assure that they have accurately portrayed the meaning of their participants’actions, statements, and beliefs?
11. List two strategies qualitative researchers use to address the issue of researcher bias.
10. What threat to credibility or validity might be occurring in the following scenario? A qualitative researcher was interested in studying how children with specific language impairment(SLI)
9. Which of the following are nonexperimental research approaches? Select all that apply.a. Randomly assigning participants to treatment and control groupsb. Comparing scores on two tests in a
8. Which of the following research questions is most appropriate for a quantitative approach? Which is most appropriate for a qualitative approach? Explain your answers.a. What are the differences
7. Identify the characteristics of qualitative research. Choose all that apply.a. Researchers using this approach rely on inductive reasoning.b. Researchers often use this research approach when very
6. What kind of study is the best alternative for identifying potential cause and effect relationships when conducting a true experiment is not practical?
5. Explain how researchers test their participants when conducting a prediction study.
4. Do researchers conduct correlation studies to establish a cause and effect relationship between two variables?Explain your answer.
3. Are case studies an example of qualitative or quantitative research? Explain your answer.
2. Match the type of nonexperimental study with its description._____ Survey research _____ Correlation study _____ Case control study _____ Case studya. Compare persons with and without
1. What is the primary difference between experimental and nonexperimental research designs?
3. Read a stand-alone literature review or the literature review in a research article. Find statements in the review that represent the author’s/authors’critique and evaluation or the previous
2. Visit one of the online writing centers such as one of the two listed below.Read the information about paraphrasing and citing information from another author’s work.a. UW-Madison Writing Center
1. Choose one or more of the strategies for introducing the topic of a literature review (e.g., assertion, contrast, definition, diagnosis, issue, purpose, or prevalence). Write an example of an
8. What information do you usually include when listing a journal article in your reference list?
7. Which of the following statements is true?a. In APA style you cite the source of an idea in a paraphrase by using a footnote at the end of your paper.b. In APA style you cite the source of an idea
6. What is the difference between a scoping review and systematic review?
5. List the information you should include in your notes from a research article.
4. What are three of the common organizing strategies for a literature review? Provide a brief description of each strategy.
3. Complete the following list. Most literature reviews include: (1) an introduction or purpose statement,(2) _________________________,(3) _________________________, and(4) references.
2. List four of the purposes of a literature search.
1. Identify the true statement.a. The early phases of a research project are always a sequence of steps progressing from the topic or question, to the literature search, to the written literature
12. You might further explore ComDis-Dome by designing a search strategy for another topic.
11. To test these two strategies, click on“Modify search” again and reopen the search page. On the far right, change the selection from “Anywhere” to“Abstract.” Also, below the search

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